Auxiliary verbs in English are not translated, but they perform an important function. It is the auxiliary verbs that tell us how to translate the sentence correctly. For example, the presence of the auxiliary verb do is a sure sign of an interrogative or negative sentence. And the verb will tells us that the sentence is in the future tense.
To have a general idea of English auxiliary verbs, take a look at the table. This table shows examples of how to use English auxiliary verbs (verbs to DO, WILL, to BE, to HAVE and WOULD).
Auxiliary body verb |
When is it used? | Example |
to DO |
In interrogative sentences |
Do do you like cats? You love cats? |
In negative sentences |
I do n "t like cats. I do not like cats. |
|
To form the future tense |
I will read book. |
|
to BE |
As a formal predicate (when the predicate is omitted in the Russian version of the sentence) |
I am a doctor. I am doctor. |
To form the times of the Continuous group (long action) |
We are watching a good film now. |
|
For the formation of tenses of the Perfect group (completed action) |
I haven't played this computer game before. I have not played this computer game before. |
|
To form the times of the Perfect Continuous group |
I have been playing this musical composition for two hours. I've been playing this piece of music for two hours now. |
|
To form the time Future in past (when the first part of the sentence is in the past tense, and the second is in the future). |
I knew that she would come here. I knew she would come here. |
|
SHALL/SHOULD | Not used in modern English. Previously, in certain cases, it was used as a substitute for the verbs WILL / WOULD. |
For each auxiliary verb from this table, there will be a detailed analysis and many examples.
How many auxiliary verbs are there in English?
Let's see what auxiliary verbs are in English and what each of them stands for. There are five such verbs:
- to be
- to have
- to do
- will (would)
- shall (should)
Particular attention should be paid to the first three (to be, to have, to do) auxiliary verbs. There are several reasons for this:
- These verbs are used more often.
- They change in faces.
- They are abbreviated
- They are "two-faced" - they can be both an auxiliary verb and a semantic one.
How do auxiliary verbs change by person?
Auxiliary verbs to be, to be and to have change by person. All forms of the present tense for these three verbs are collected in the table:
Pronoun | to be | to do | to have |
I | im | do | have |
He, She, It | is | does | has |
They, we, you | you | do | have |
In the past tense, only the verb to be changes:
I, he, she, it was
They, we, you were
The auxiliary verbs to do and to have in the past tense, respectively, will be did and had in all persons.
The verbs will, would, shall, should do not change by person.
Auxiliary verb to do.
To do is the most important of all the auxiliary verbs in the English language. It is used to construct negative and interrogative sentences. For example, many people love cats and say about themselves:
I like cats.
I love cats.
But what if you do not share this love? Everything must be denied.
I do not like cats.
I do not like cats.
That is, we put immediately after the subject the auxiliary verb do with a negative particle not and we get a negation instead of an affirmative sentence. Instead of do not often written for brevity don't.
You can just as easily construct a question that will allow you to figure out inveterate cat ladies in a crowd of people:
Do do you like cats?
You love cats?
Just put the auxiliary verb do before the subject and get an interrogative sentence.
More examples of interrogative and negative sentences:
I don't know it.
I do not know that.
She didn't watch this cartoon.
She did not watch this cartoon.
Do do you speak English?
Do you speak English?
But one must always remember that there is an exception to the general rule for constructing negative and interrogative English sentences. The verb do is not substituted in sentences containing modal verbs. Read more about the correct handling of modal verbs.
Auxiliary verb to have
As a rule, the verb have is translated directly - as a semantic verb. Its meaning is to have, to possess. If we talk about to have as an auxiliary verb, it is used to form complex temporary constructions, in the name of which there are words such as Perfect / Perfect Continuous. These temporary structures, it must be said, are not the most common. And beginners can do without them. However, this is almost half of the English "tenses" and it is desirable to have an idea of how they are formed.
For clarity, I will briefly explain what Perfect / Perfect Continuous is.
If the action you describe is characterized by:
- completion of the action (optional) ;
- the importance of the message for the interlocutor;
- the opportunity for the interlocutor to use the message about the action performed;
then it's Perfect.
If the sentence reports an action that takes place over a period of time, which is indicated explicitly or implied, then this is Perfect Continuous.
The predicate in such sentences is built according to one of the 3 formulas given in the table:
Each of these formulas has an auxiliary verb to have. And instead of asterisks, you need to substitute the infinitive of the main verb. But what is important, if we want to put the sentence in the past or future tense, then we need to apply these tenses to the verb to have, and not to the main verb. That is, in the past tense, instead of have, we put had, and in the future - will have.
I haven't played this computer game before.
I have not played this computer game before (Present Perfect)
I have been playing this musical composition for two hours.
I have been playing this piece of music for two hours now (Present Perfect Continuous)
I have finished reading this book by 3 o'clock today.
I finished reading this book by 3 o'clock today (Past Perfect)
I had been reading this book for 30 minutes when he called.
I had been reading this book for 30 minutes when he called (Past Perfect Continuous).
The verb have can also be used as a modal verb. Read about it in the article "Modal verb have to".
Also, do not forget that the verb have changes by person - see the table at the beginning of the article.
Auxiliary verb to be
As a semantic verb, to be has the meaning "to be", "to be". The fact is that in an English sentence there must always be both a subject and a predicate. In Russian we can say:
I am doctor.
As you can see, there is no predicate here, and when translating into English, we will have to cram some kind of verb into this sentence. In such situations, the verb to be is used. The correct translation of this sentence would be:
I am a doctor.
It literally means " I am a doctor.”
And so it is always, when a predicate is omitted in a Russian sentence when translated into English, we add the necessary form of the verb to be after the subject.
I am doctor.
I am a doctor.
She is a student.
She is a student.
They are idiots.
They are idiots.
As an auxiliary verb, to be is used when constructing sentences that describe an action that requires a certain amount of time. These are the so-called Present / Past Continuous.
Such proposals are built according to a simple scheme:
Subject + Required form to be + Main verb with –ing added
We are watching a good film now.
We are watching an interesting movie now.
They are loudly discussing the results of competitions.
They loudly discuss the results of the competition.
Tom was reading a magazine when the telephone rank.
Tom was reading a magazine when the phone rang.
By the way, if you are not familiar with English tenses, read the answer to the main question of English grammar “What is the difference between present indefinite and present continuous?” continuous
Auxiliary verb will
With this verb, everything is simple. By itself, it is never used, but as an auxiliary verb, it is used to form the future tense. Just put an auxiliary verb will after the subject and get the future tense. For example:
I read a book. I am reading a book. |
I will read book. I will be reading a book. |
Auxiliary verb would
Verb would used to construct sentences called future in the past. This is when the main sentence is in the past tense, and the subordinate clause is in the future. In this case, in the subordinate clause for the formation of the future tense, not will is used, but the auxiliary verb would. For example:
I knew that she would come here.
I knew she would come here.
You can read more about this verb in the article “Will and shall. The rule for the formation of the future tense in English. .
Auxiliary verb shall/should
The main thing to know about these verbs is that they are not used in modern English. In case you have to read 19th century texts, remember that when translating shall is the same as will and should is the same as would.
Auxiliary verbs (auxiliary verbs) are helper verbs. They express only different grammatical meanings. Auxiliary verbs are very important because they show tense, number, person and voice. They are used together with semantic verbs that express the action itself.
What are the auxiliary verbs in English?
First of all, of course, to be, to have And to do, which are used almost everywhere, as well as modal verbs: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, ought to, will and would.
To be, to do and to have differ from other auxiliary verbs in that they can also be used in a sentence as semantic verbs.
Let's take a closer look at the verbs to be, to do and to have. (We will talk about modal verbs in a separate article).
Auxiliary verb TO BE
How and where is it used?
Auxiliary to be is used both in affirmative and interrogative and negative sentences in the Continuous tenses, as well as in the formation of all tenses in the passive voice.
Form features:
In the table below you can see all forms of the verb to be in Present Simple. It is these forms that are involved in the formation of the Present Continuous time.
I | am (='m) | am not ('m not) |
We/You/They | are (= 're) | are not (aren't / 're not) |
He / She / It | is (='s) | is not (isn't / 's not) |
The forms of the verb to be in Past Simple can be found in the table below. It is these forms that are involved in the formation of the Past Continuous. The negative form is also formed by adding a particle not.
I / He / She / It | was | wasn't (= wasn't) |
We/You/They | were | were not (=weren't) |
In interrogative sentences, the verb to be is used before the subject. In short answers to general questions (= questions that can be answered with "Yes" or "No") - after the subject. This applies to both Present Simple and Past Simple (and, accordingly, Present Continuous and Past Continuous).
For example:
—Is he writing a letter now?
-Yes, he is./ No, he isn't.
—was he doing his homework at 6 p. m. yesterday?
-Yes, he was./ No, he wasn't.
NB: in a short affirmative answer, the full form of the verb to be is used (are, was etc.), and in a short negative answer, as a rule, it is abbreviated (aren't, wasn't etc.).
The negative form of the imperative mood is formed with do not (don't), i.e., as a general rule.
For example:
Don't be sad. = Don't be sad.
Also to be participates in the formation of tenses in the passive voice.
For example:
The dinner is being served now.
The book was read yesterday.
AuxiliaryTO DO
How and where is it used?
Auxiliary to do used in interrogative and negative sentences, in short answers to general questions, as well as in affirmative sentences to enhance the emotional coloring of the statement in the Present Simple and Past Simple tenses.
Form features:
IN present Simple the verb has one form for pronouns I / you / we / they and another form for He /She / It in both affirmative and negative sentences. The negative form is formed by adding a particle not. In the table below you can see what forms the verb to do has in Present Simple.
In interrogative sentences, the verb to do (in the appropriate form) is used before the subject in both Present Simple and Past Simple. In short answers to general questions - after the subject.
—Do you work long hours?
— Yes, I do. / no, I don't.
-did he tell you about it?
— Yes, he did. / No, he didn't.
Also to do used to enhance the emotional coloring in affirmative sentences. In such sentences, after to do, the first form of the semantic verb is used (infinitive without the particle ‘to’).
For example:
I do love yoga! = I really/really love yoga!
He does appreciate it! = He really appreciates it!
We did try help! = We really tried to help!
In such sentences, it is very important to focus on the verb to do(= to say it louder and in a higher voice than usual).
Auxiliary verb TO HAVE
How and where is it used?
Auxiliary tohave used in affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences, as well as in short answers to general questions in group tenses perfect.
Form features:
Consider how the verb is used in the Present Perfect and Past Perfect tenses.
In time Present Perfect verb to have has one form for pronouns I / you / we / they and another form for pronouns he / she / it. The negative form is formed by adding a particle not.
I/You/We/They | have | have not (= haven't) |
He / She / It | has | has not (= hasn't) |
NB: it is important to remember that if the verb have used as semantic in Present Simple time, then negation is built by adding a particle not to the auxiliary verb do, not have.
For example:
She doesn't have anytime.
However, if the sentence uses the construction have got, then negation is built according to the rule described in the table above. For example: She hasn't got a car.
In the Past Perfect tense, the form of the verb to have is the same for all persons and numbers. The negative form is also formed by adding a particle not.
I/You/We/They/He/She/It | had | had not (=hadn't) |
In interrogative sentences, the verb to have is used before the subject in both Present Perfect and Past Perfect. In short answers to general questions - after the subject.
For example:
-has she bought a car yet?
-Yes, she / No, she hasnt.
—Had he made dinner before 6 p.m.?
Yes, he had./ No, he hadn't.
Which denotes an action or state. Depending on what meaning the verb has and whether it has at all, as well as what role it plays in the sentence, all English verbs can be divided into three groups: semantic verbs ( notational verbs), service ( semi-auxiliary verbs) And ( auxiliary verbs). Semantic verbs have a meaning, and in a sentence they are a simple verbal predicate. Service verbs are devoid of lexical meaning, and in a sentence they are used only as part of a compound nominal or verbal predicate. In more detail, we will talk about auxiliary verbs in English.
What are auxiliary verbs in English?
Auxiliary verbs in English have no lexical meaning. These verbs are used only in conjunction with semantic verbs to create compound (analytical) forms.
Here are the most common verbs:
- to be (am, are, is, was, were, been);
- to do (do, does, did);
- to have (have, has, had);
- shall (should);
- will (would).
Verb to be in certain forms is used to form the simple present ( ) and past tense ( ). The choice of the form of this verb in the specified tenses depends on the number and person of the subject. Am- for 1 person, unit. numbers; are- for 1 person pl. numbers, 2 persons singular and many others. numbers, 3 persons pl. numbers; is- for a third person numbers. In the past time was used for the singular, and were- for plural. It is part of a compound predicate in the present, past and future continuous ( / / ). Examples:
She is at the hospital now. “Now she is in the hospital.
We were next to your house yesterday. We were near your house yesterday.
I am working at the moment. - At the moment I'm working.
An auxiliary verb in English like to do has three forms: do/does/did. Form does is used with the third person singular, in other cases we choose do. This applies to the simple present tense - present simple. In simple past tense - past simple- use only the verb did. This auxiliary verb is needed to form interrogative and negative sentences in the tenses listed. Examples:
She doesn't do her work thoroughly. - She doesn't do her job thoroughly.
You didn't find a way out. You didn't find a way out.
He doesn't feel good. - He feels bad.
Auxiliary to have has three forms: have, has, had. This verb is used to form compound forms of the present, past and future perfect tenses ( / / ) and the same perfect continuous tenses in English ( / / ). Form have is needed for all persons and numbers, except for the third person singular. In this case, we use the form has. It's all in present tense. In the past - form had for all subjects. Examples:
He has just written the letter. - He just wrote a letter.
We had finished building this house when they came. By the time they arrived, we had already finished building the house.
Auxiliary verbs in English, namely shall And will needed for education. We are talking about simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous tenses ( , Future Continuous, Future Perfect , Future Perfect Continuous). Auxiliary Verb shall practically not used, and earlier it was used with pronouns of the 1st person, both singular and plural. Forms should / would needed in sentences that follow the rules. Examples:
My father will come in two days. My father will arrive in two days.
We shall be cooking tomorrow. - Tomorrow we will cook.
A friend of mine told me he would read this book at the weekends. My friend said that he would read this book at the weekend.
Auxiliary verbs in English are not numerous, but it is necessary to know them, since the formation and use of the tenses of this language depends on them.
If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.
A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. There are two types of verbs in English: semantic and auxiliary. Semantic ones carry a certain meaning, that is, they denote an action or state. For example: wait, love, miss, run.
What are auxiliary verbs for? What are they? When theyare used and who do they help? Now I will tell you.
What are auxiliary verbs for?
Auxiliary verbs do not carry meaning and are not translated in any way. They act as pointers that help us determine:
- Time of what is happening (present, future, past),
- Number of actors (many or one).
English has the following auxiliary verbs: be, do, have. We will dwell on each of them in more detail later, but for now let's figure out what an "auxiliary verb" is.
How in Russian?
It is very difficult for Russian people to understand what an “auxiliary verb” is and why it was invented at all. In fact, everything is very simple. In Russian, in order to understand at what time an action is performed and who performs it, we change the endings.
... ghoul la- tells us that there was one person (a woman) and in the past (yesterday or some time ago) she went outside and breathed some air for a while.
... ghoul no- tells us that one person in the present went outside and breathes air for some time (now).
... ghoul eat- tells us that many people in the present have gone outside and breathe the air for a while (now).
As you can see, in Russian we change the word itself (ending) and thanks to this we understand who and when did the action.
How is it in English?
The English (fortunately for us) are too lazy to change words, because then their language would be very complicated. So they decided that they would put additional little words before actions. These small words will show the time and the number of people who perform the action.
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In this case, we change only small words (auxiliary verbs) before actions, and not the verbs themselves. Let's see how this happens.
Let's take a semantic verb swim(more precisely, its swimming form).
Swimming in the pool.
___ ______ swim
We understand WHAT a person / people do - he rakes the water with his hands in order to stay on it and not drown. But can we understand WHEN a person/people do this? Yesterday? Today now? Tomorrow? And can we understand how many people do this action? One? Or more than one? No.
Now let's add the auxiliary verb be:
am swimming
melt ayu
are swimming
melt cabins
were swimming
melt ali
will be swimming
will swimming be
Now we see that:
- In the first case, a person speaks about himself, and the action is taking place at the present moment, now ( am swimming)
- in the second, we are talking about several people (more than one) and in the present tense ( are swimming)
- in the third case, we have the past tense, that is, the action was yesterday or already happened, and a lot of people ( were swimming)
- in the fourth we're talking about the future will be swimming)
We do not translate the auxiliary verb, but it helps us in the correct tense and number to translate the semantic verb with which it goes.
By the way, in Russian there is still one auxiliary verb. You all know him - this word will be. When we talk about the future, we say "I will, he will, we will." This is what points us to the future.
I will dance all night.
We we will swim.
What are the auxiliary verbs in English?
As I said, there are not so many auxiliary verbs in English: do, have, be. These same verbs can also be semantic and have meaning:
- do - to do
- have - to have,
- be - to be.
Important: once again I will say that we consider these verbs as auxiliary. Therefore, they are not translated. Compare the sentences in the examples.
He is a doctor.
He is doctor. (Here be is a semantic verb. It carries the meaning of “to be, to appear.”)
He is going to a doctor.
He goes to the doctor. (Here be is an auxiliary verb - it helps to understand that the action (the semantic verb "to go") is happening at the present time)
They have a cat.
They have cat. (Here have is a semantic verb. It carries the meaning of "to have, to own".)
They have fed a cat already.
They have already fed the cat. (Here have is an auxiliary verb. It helps to understand that the action (to feed) has already been completed recently.)
I do my homework.
I do my homework. (Here do is a semantic verb. It carries the meaning of "do".)
Do do you learn English?
Do you learn English? (Here do is an auxiliary verb. It helps to understand that the action (to learn) is happening at the present time.)
Auxiliary verb be
Now we will look at all forms of auxiliary verbs in different tenses: Present, Past and Future.
Pronouns | present tense (Present Tense) |
Past tense (Past Tense) |
Future (Future Tense) |
I | am | was | will |
you, they, we | are | were | will |
he, she, it | is | was | will |
She is sleeping.
She is sleeping.
They are dancing now.
They are dancing now.
We were watching TV, when he came.
We were watching TV when he came.
my sister will go abroad.
My sister will go abroad.
We examined this verb in semantic form in great detail in these articles:
Auxiliary verb do
Pronouns | present tense (Present Tense) |
Past tense (Past Tense) |
Future (Future Tense) |
I | do | did | will |
you, they, we | do | did | will |
he, she, it | does | did | will |
I don’
t know it.
I don't know it.
She doesn't like to sing.
She doesn't like to sing.
He didn't watch this film.
He didn't watch this movie.
They will give up smoking.
They will quit smoking.
Auxiliary verb have
Pronouns | present tense (Present Tense) |
Past tense (Past Tense) |
Future (Future Tense) |
I | have | had | will have |
you, they, we | have | had | will have |
he, she, it | has | had | will have |
I have lived here for five years.
I lived here for five years.
She has worked as a doctor since 2007.
She has been a doctor since 2007.
They had read this text.
They have read this text.
We will have prepared it, before you come.
We'll have it ready before you come.
As you can see, auxiliary verbs are very important, because we determine exactly what tense is used and how many people are involved in it. So do not forget about them, despite the fact that we do not translate them.
I hope now you understand what auxiliary verbs are, as well as how and when to use them. Now let's move on to practice!
Reinforcement task
And now, to consolidate, translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to our pointers - auxiliary verbs:
1. He will go to the cinema.
2. My sister is playing tennis now.
3. They have broken the window.
4. I don't speak Spanish.
5. We will dance all night.
6. She didn't take this pen.
7. You will not buy this dress.
As always, write your answers in the comments.
This lesson will cover a fairly difficult topic to remember, so you should concentrate as much as possible. Auxiliary verbs in English, the table of which will be presented below, is a part of speech that does not have an individual meaning in terms of vocabulary, but acts as helpers. Their main function is to help to correctly compose a construction with a complex form of the verb. Verbs under consideration:
- to do,
- will (would),
- to be,
- shall (should),
- to have.
We will go over the topic in detail so that you do not have any questions.
What are the auxiliary verbs for?
Auxiliary verbs in English are used when there is a need to express gender, number, or time period. In this case, this part of speech is added.
It should be noted that some parts of speech from the topic under consideration can be used as semantic, they include: to be (to be), to have (to have), to do (to do). In addition, in many cases to be is used as a link in the construction, and the verbs shall (should) and will (would) as modals. The parts under consideration are a universal assistant, but they are not translated into Russian. When translating, they are not even asked questions.
Examples:
- She is at the hospital now. - She's in the hospital now.
- She swims here every morning. She swims here every morning.
- You were young and didn't understand your father. “You were young and did not understand your father.
An example with a semantic verb:
- I'm a teacher. - I'am a teacher.
verb to have
This part of speech can be used as a semantic verb in its main meaning.
For example,
- I don't have time. - I have no time.
- I have a big family. - I have a big family.
To form the Perfect of any tense, use this part of speech.
For example,
- I will have read the article by nine. I will have read the article by nine o'clock.
- You have done a lot of work. - You've done a lot of work.
- We had finished the task by two o'clock. We completed the task before two o'clock.
verb to be
The auxiliary verb that will be considered is the only one that has a special form in the singular, plural and person. It can be used as a link, used as a semantic one, or used as an auxiliary part of speech in a construction.
As a semantic verb, this verb is used in the meaning of "to be" and "to be".
Examples of declarative sentences and those where questions are used:
- I have to be at home now. - I should be at home now.
- Do you want to be our friend? Do you want to be our friend?
As a linking verb, this part of speech is part of the predicate (this verb + definition or character). In the sentence, it corresponds to the place where the verb “to be” should logically be (usually in Russian such omitted).
For example,
- He is a doctor. - He is a doctor.
- I am your friend. - I am your friend.
The verb to be as an auxiliary is used to form all Continuous and Perfect Continuous tenses in the active voice.
For example,
- We were expecting a better result. We expected better results.
- I am looking for someone. - I'm looking for someone.
- I have been waiting for you for two hours. “I have been waiting for you for two hours.
Just like an auxiliary, this verb is used to form all forms of the passive (passive) voice.
For example,
- The building is being constructed now. - The building is under construction.
- The newspapers have been delivered. - Newspapers have been delivered.
verb to do
As a semantic verb, this verb is used in the meaning of "to engage in", "to do".
For example, Just do it! - Just do it! He does what he wants. - He does what he wants.
The verb to do is used as an auxiliary when the Present Simple and Past Simple forms of all verbs are formed, in addition to modal and auxiliary. But this applies only to negative and interrogative sentences.
For example,
- Do you listen to me? – Are you listening to me?
- My sister doesn't trust her husband. My sister does not trust her husband.
- We didn't see anything. - We didn't see anything.
Also, as an auxiliary, this part of speech helps to form a negative form of the imperative mood.
For example,
- Don't be late. - Do not be late.
In addition, this verb, acting as an auxiliary part of speech, enhances the meaning of the verb in the form of Present Simple or Past Simple, when the speaker proves his point of view.
For example,
- Why did you say I don't know your sister? I do know her. - In this connection, you said that I did not know your sister? I do know her.
verb will (would)
This verb is used as an auxiliary and modal.
Auxiliary (will) is used to make all forms of the future tense.
For example,
- The winter will be cold. - The winter will be cold.
- I will be walking with my dog this evening. - I will walk the dog this evening.
Would is used when constructing the future tense in the past.
For example,
- My friend told me he would watch this film at the weekends. My friend said that he would watch this film at the weekend.
The verb shall (should)
Modern English classifies the verb shall (should) only as modal, however, in textbooks published during the Soviet era, you can find information that:
- Instead of will, the verb shall is used as an auxiliary when it is necessary to make a construction of the future tense with the 1st person singular and plural. For example, We shall talk about it. - We'll talk about it later..
- With the same parameters, but in order to form the future tense in the past, the verb should can be used instead of would. Eg, I said that we should discuss it later. - I said we'll discuss it later..
In modern British language, this verb is replaced by will and would. The verb shall (should) can be found in old English textbooks, old books and films in the original language.
English is not particularly rich in auxiliary verbs. , however, one should keep in mind in which cases one or another verb is used. The main thing to do is to learn these verbs, in what cases and in what forms they are used. And do not confuse them with semantic ones that carry a lexical load in the structure.
Auxiliary verbs in English table
To summarize the information, you can use the table below.
Time | A sentence containing a statement | A sentence that contains a negative | Offers that use questions |
present simple | don't / doesn't | do/does | |
past simple | didn't | did | |
Future Simple | will | won't | will |
Present Continuous | am/is/are | am not / isn't / aren't | am/is/are |
Past Continuous | was/were | wasn't /weren't | was/were |
Future Continuous | will be | won't be | will be |
Present Perfect | have / has | haven't / hasn't | have/has |
past perfect | had | hadn't | had |
Future Perfect | will have | won't have | will have |
Present Perfect Continuous | have / has been | haven't / hasn't been | have / has been |
Past Perfect Continuous | had been | hadn't been | had been |
Future Perfect Continuous | will have been | won't have been | will have been |