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Yellow Uighurs (Yugura, hara-yogurs; whale. ex. 裕固族, pinyin: Yùgù Zú; sar.-south. Sarïg Yogïr, lat.-south. Šera Yogor [ʃira jʊɢʊr]) is one of the 56 officially recognized peoples of China. They are descendants of the Yenisei Kyrgyz, who separated from them in the 11th century. Number, according to the 2000 census, 13,719 people. They live in Gansu Province (2.3%).
The Yellow Uyghurs are divided into two territorial groups, one speaks the Turkic Saryg-Yugur language, the other speaks the Mongolian Shira-Yugur language.
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Notes
Literature
- Peoples of East Asia / ed. N. N. Cheboksarova, S. I. Brook, R. F. Its, G. G. Stratanovich. M. - L.: Nauka, 1965. P. 219.
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An excerpt characterizing the Yellow Uyghurs
Prince Andrei, frightened, hastily turned away from them, afraid to let them notice that he had seen them. He felt sorry for this pretty, frightened girl. He was afraid to look at her, but at the same time he had an irresistible desire to do so. A new, gratifying and calming feeling came over him when, looking at these girls, he realized the existence of other, completely alien to him and just as legitimate human interests as those that occupied him. These girls, obviously, passionately desired one thing - to carry away and finish these green plums and not be caught, and Prince Andrei wished with them the success of their enterprise. He couldn't help but look at them again. Believing themselves to be safe, they jumped out of the ambush and, squealing something in thin voices, holding their hems, ran merrily and quickly through the grass of the meadow with their tanned bare feet.Prince Andrei refreshed himself a little by leaving the dusty area of the high road along which the troops were moving. But not far beyond the Bald Mountains he again drove onto the road and caught up with his regiment at a halt, near the dam of a small pond. It was two o'clock after noon. The sun, a red ball of dust, was unbearably hot and burned my back through my black frock coat. The dust, still the same, stood motionless above the chatter of the humming, stopped troops. There was no wind, and while driving across the dam, Prince Andrey smelled of mud and the freshness of the pond. He wanted to get into the water - no matter how dirty it was. He looked back at the pond, from which came screams and laughter. The small, muddy, green pond had apparently risen about two quarters high, flooding the dam, because it was full of human, soldier, naked white bodies floundering in it, with brick-red hands, faces and necks. All this naked, white human meat, laughing and booming, floundered in this dirty puddle, like crucian carp stuffed into a watering can. This floundering was filled with joy, and that is why it was especially sad. Saryk Uyghur - Yellow Uyghurs
S.E. Malov - Russian researcher of the Uyghurs.
Yellow Uyghurs live in Gansu Province (PRC). Historically, this is one of the branches of the Turkic-speaking ancient Uyghurs.
Gansu Province.
Hongwansi is the capital of Sunan Yugur Autonomous County.
Over time, the boundaries of the Turkic language among the Yellow Uighurs have greatly narrowed. Now only a part of the people calling themselves Saryg Uyghur (i.e. yellow Uyghur) have retained their Turkic language. The other part is that Shira Yugur speaks Mongolian. The third group speaks to each other in Tibetan. And finally, the fourth group, yu(r), uses Chinese.
In February 1954, an autonomous county was formed with its center in the city of Sunan, uniting the Yellow Uighurs into a single whole (yugu). The official language in the county is Chinese, which is equally accessible to all Yugu groups.
The Turkic-speaking Yugus (Saryk Yugurs) speak a language that, together with Khakass and Shor, belongs to the northeastern group of Turkic languages.
In the 90s of the last century, academician V.V. Radlov, who put forward the “Altai” hypothesis of the phonetic structure of the ancient Uyghur language, in search of its confirmation, became interested in the Turkic language of the yellow Uyghurs.
Yellow Uyghurs are a translation of the self-name Saryg Uyghurs. The Yellow Uyghurs are the closest relatives of the Uyghurs living in the XUAR, who are historically very distant to the present time and differ from their relatives living far to the east, behind the Great Wall of China - the Yellow Uyghurs. In addition to geographical spaces, they are separated by religion and language. Yellow Uighurs practice Buddhism (and shamanism). They are the only ancient professors of Buddhism among the Turkic peoples - they, one might say, have never heard of Islam.
The language of the Yellow Uighurs, living surrounded by speakers of Chinese and Tangut-Tibetan languages, retains its old features. This is not the language of the Uyghurs of the XUAR, which, being the language of a very large mass of speakers over a large area, rubbed among themselves and experienced various influences over the centuries from the Turks, to the west of the Uyghurs. As a result, the language is so different from the Yellow Uyghurs that it is almost impossible for the Yellow Uyghurs to speak to the Uyghurs from Xinjiang.
Yellow Uyghur proverbs:
PAY KISHE URUF HOLES F BOL, PATIR KISHE VUCIN TANFYRAK POL.
Be a relative with a rich man, a close friend with a noble man.
ISENGEN YSHT TARTU-DRO
A dog bites a gullible man
KISHEGE MINIK JOK POSA TALTAKYNY USTAFAK-TRO, SEMINGE TUZ JOK POSA SUNY USTAFAK-TRO
A person without money is like the soul of a dead person. Food without salt is like water.
JOL MANSA SOANLAMA.
When setting out on a journey, do not calculate the days in advance.
The Shira Uyghurs are divided into two peoples, some are called Shira Yegors, yellow Uyghurs, and others are called Khara Yegors or black Uyghurs. The difference is that the “yellow” Uyghurs speak one of the ancient Mongolian languages, and the “black” ones speak one of the ancient Turkic languages. “Black” Uyghurs do not agree with being called that; they consider it an artificially invented name.
They consider themselves Shira Uyghurs or, there is such a name, Saryg Uyghurs. That is, we are also Shira Uyghurs, yellow Uyghurs, and not black, we just have a different language. It is important to note that both peoples profess Buddhism and communicate with each other in Chinese. They do not have their own writing system; they use Chinese writing for their own needs. According to their own estimates, there are 4-5 thousand Uyghurs who speak Mongolian, and 5-6 thousand Turkic-speaking people.
Much has been written about the origins of this people(s). Some believe that this is part of the Turkic people who switched to the Mongolian language, others argue that this is a fragment of Mongol-speaking tribes that went to the territory of China, where they united with the same remnants of the Turkic peoples.
The Chinese land is filled with history, for example, not far from the Shirauygur village there flows a river called Ordon Gol (Ordon - “palace”, Gol - “river”), since there was a palace nearby. More precisely, the ancient fortress wall of the palace of one of the grandsons of Genghis Khan has been preserved. It was a small town surrounded by a clay wall; inside, the foundations of a palace and other buildings were preserved.
Interestingly, the majority of Shira Uighurs know Bulyash Khoychievna Todaeva, who visited here in 1956 as part of an expedition to study the Mongolian languages of China. We, Kalmyk scientists, were introduced to the local population as her students. Apparently, for more confidence. Members of the expedition could be considered her students, but indirectly, that is, to one degree or another.
From a scientific point of view, the Shira Uyghurs, who speak a Turkic language, are better studied, and there is more scientific literature about them in Chinese, English and other languages. Much less scientific literature exists on speakers of Mongolian languages. At the end of the 19th century, the famous traveler G. N. Potanin wrote about the Shira Uyghurs, in the 20th century - K. G. Mannerheim, known for his defensive line on the Soviet-Finnish border, as well as a former Russian officer who carried out a secret mission in Western China in 1906- 1908, the famous Mongolian scholar Vladislav Kotvich and others. The last scientist to visit the Uyghur shire was B.Kh. Todaeva. And now an expedition led by Barlyk Badmaev, the first Russian in more than fifty years, to the yellow Uighurs.
Both Turkic-speaking and Mongol-speaking Shira Uyghurs, being isolated for many centuries, surrounded by Chinese culture, being very few in number, retained their language. Not just a language, but its ancient form! The Shira Uyghurs were able to survive, despite the lack of writing, and were able to preserve their folklore.
If peoples whose number does not exceed 5-6 thousand people were able to do this, then the Kalmyks, who have a rich culture, writing, history, their own flag, anthem and other attributes of statehood, obviously, are simply obliged to continue to develop and preserve.