The main character is Onegin
With all the breadth of the subject matter, the novel "Eugene Onegin" is primarily a novel about the mental life and quests of the Russian noble intelligentsia of the 20s of the 19th century, before the Decembrist uprising of 1825. Main
its theme is an advanced personality in its relation to the noble society and people. Pushkin reveals this theme in the images of representatives of the progressive noble intelligentsia - Onegin, Lensky and Tatyana.
By naming his novel after one of the characters, Pushkin emphasized the central position among them (and throughout the novel) of Eugene Onegin.
Onegin is a "secular St. Petersburg young man", a metropolitan aristocrat.
Drawing the image of his hero, Pushkin speaks in detail about his upbringing and education, about life in the St. Petersburg "light". “Having fun and luxury as a child,” Onegin received a home education and upbringing, typical of the aristocratic youth of that time, under the guidance of a French tutor. He was brought up in the spirit of an aristocratic culture, divorced from national and popular soil.
The corrupting influence of the "light" further removed Onegin from the people. Onegin leads a life typical of the “golden youth” of that time: balls, restaurants, walks along Nevsky Prospekt, visits to theaters. It took him eight years.
But Onegin, by his nature, stands out from the general mass of aristocratic youth. Pushkin notes his “involuntary devotion to dreams, inimitable strangeness and a sharp, chilled mind”, a sense of honor, nobility of soul. This could not but lead Onegin to disappointment in the life and interests of secular society, to dissatisfaction with the political and social situation that developed in Russia after the Patriotic War of 1812, during the years of increased reaction, during the years of domination of the Arakcheevshchina. Spleen and boredom took possession of Onegin. After leaving secular society, he tries to engage in some useful activity. Nothing came of the attempt to write: he did not have a vocation (“yawning, took up the pen”) and the habit of work, his lordly upbringing had an effect (“hard work was sickening to him”). An attempt to combat the "spiritual emptiness" through reading was also unsuccessful. The books that he read either did not satisfy, or turned out to be consonant with his thoughts and feelings and only strengthened them.
Onegin is trying to arrange the life of the peasants on the estate, which he inherited from his uncle:
Yarem he is an old corvée
Replaced with a light quitrent ...
But all his activities as a landowner-owner were limited to this reform. Former moods, although somewhat softened by life in the bosom of nature, continue to own him.
Onegin's extraordinary mind, his freedom-loving moods and critical attitude to reality put him high above the crowd of nobility, especially among the local nobility, and doomed him, in the absence of social activity, to complete loneliness.
Having broken with secular society, in which he did not find either high morals or real feelings, but only a parody of them, and being cut off from the life of the people, Onegin loses contact with people.
Onegin could not be saved from "spiritual emptiness" and the strongest feelings that unite man with man: love and friendship. He rejected Tatiana's love, because he valued "liberty and peace" above all else, failed to unravel the full depth of her nature and her feelings for him. He killed his friend Lensky, because he could not rise above the public opinion of that local nobility, which he internally despised. Class prejudices prevailed in the hesitation that he experienced after receiving a challenge to a duel. He was scared "whisper
Ota, laugh fools”, Zaretsky gossip.
In a depressed state of mind, Onegin left the village. He "began wandering", but this did not dispel him.
Returning to St. Petersburg, he met Tatiana as a married woman, the wife of his relative and friend. Love for her flared up in him, but Tatyana unraveled the selfishness that underlay his feelings for her: again he did not understand the depth of her requests. The novel ends with the scene of Onegin's meeting with Tatyana. Nothing is said about the further fate of Onegin. However, Pushkin thought to continue the novel. In the autumn of 1830, he wrote the tenth chapter, in which he was going to tell about the emergence of the first secret societies of the Decembrists. But due to censorship conditions, he could not print it; moreover, it was dangerous to keep it at home. And Pushkin burned what was written that same autumn. In the poet's papers, only a few, scattered pieces of the initial stanzas of the chapter have been preserved.
How did Pushkin think to unfold the action in Chapter X? Would he have brought Onegin into the society of the Decembrists? There is evidence from one of Pushkin's acquaintances that, according to the poet, "Onegin should have either died in the Caucasus, or become one of the Decembrists." But how accurate this evidence is is unknown. In the person of Onegin, Pushkin was the first of the writers to portray the type of enlightened nobleman that developed in Russia in the 20s of the 19th century and was widely known in the years following the defeat of the Decembrists. Onegin is a typical representative of this enlightened part of the noble intelligentsia, which was critical of the way of life of the noble society and government policy. It was the noble intelligentsia that avoided serving tsarism, not wanting to join the ranks of the silent ones, but it also stood aloof from social and political activities. And such a path, although it was a kind of protest against the socio-political system, inevitably doomed to inaction, to retreat from the people, to the closure
into a narrow circle of selfish interests. This naturally led such people to "spiritual emptiness", depriving them of their lives of a lofty goal, a positive program. Belinsky said beautifully about Onegin and thus about people of this type: “The inactivity and vulgarity of life stifle him, he does not even know what he needs, what he wants, but he ... knows very well that he does not need, that he I don’t want what the conceited mediocrity is so satisfied with, so happy.”
The absence of a positive program dooms Onegin to inaction. Herzen rightly said about him:
“... The young man does not meet any lively interest in this world of servility and petty ambition. And yet in this society he is condemned to live, since the people are even more distant from him ... but there is nothing in common between him and the people ... "
The image of Onegin has a great generalizing power. “The fact is that we are all more or less Onegins, since we do not prefer to be officials or landowners,” said Herzen. The typicalness of Onegin was so strong that from that time on, according to Herzen, “every novel, every poem had its own Onegin, that is, a man condemned to idleness, useless, led astray, a stranger in his family, a stranger in his country, unwilling to do evil and powerless to do good, doing nothing in the end, although he undertakes everything, except, however, two things: firstly, he never takes the side of the government, and. secondly, he never knows how to take the side of the people.
On the image of Onegin, Pushkin showed the path that a part of the noble intelligentsia of his time followed - searching in isolation from society and from the people. Pushkin condemned this path of the individualist hero, which makes him socially useless, a "superfluous" person.
TOPIC 1. LANGUAGE STANDARDS
Exercise 1. Formulate a definition of a literary language, name its features. Compare your definition with the existing ones:
1) "Normalized language serving the diverse cultural needs of the people, the language of fiction, journalistic works, periodicals, radio, theater, science, government agencies, schools, etc." ( D.E. Rosenthal);
2) "It is a form of social (sociocultural) existence of the national language, accepted by its speakers as exemplary." ( IN AND. Maksimov);
3) “The modern Russian literary language, although it can be considered as a language from A. S. Pushkin to the present day, does not remain unchanged. It is constantly changing and, therefore, needs to be rationed.” ( E.N. Shiryaev);
4) "This codified subsystem; it is characterized by a more or less stable norm, uniform and obligatory for all speakers of the literary language, and this norm purposefully
cultivated" ( Belikov V.I., L.P. Krysin)
Based on these definitions of the norm, list its main features. Write them down. What other signs could you name?
Answer: The literary language is a normalized, generally accepted language system, which is characterized by certain specifics: it has certain norms in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. It is subject to change and covers all spheres of human activity. Signs: 1: the presence of stable rules. 2: stability of the structure 3: multifunctionality (use in various fields of activity) 4: communicative expediency 5: availability of oral and written speech.
Exercise 2. Fill in the gaps in the table. Determine the relationship between language units:
Exercise 3. Name the basic units of the language, give them a definition. Determine which language level the speech errors in sentences belong to:
A. Phonetic. (sounds, stresses) B. Lexical. B. Morphological. (declension, numerals)
D. Syntactic
1. According to the stories of Pechorin, the noble society is filled with hypocrisy, anger, lies VVV. 2. With regard to the artistic means used by Pushkin to recreate the impression of the authenticity of the depicted reality. The story is a memoir. YYY 3. Anna Sergeevna was such a person who allowed her opinion to be expressed in front of him VVV.4. This is a free novel from all the limits and norms of the literary style. BBB 5. The timbre of our life far exceeds the timbre of the life of our ancestors. BBB 6. True artists of the word create grandiose epic canvases on the pages of their works. BBB 7. Looking at him, one gets an image of rudeness and negligence. 8. The president himself came to the opening of the German language center. AAA 9. Events are taking place in the village that have turned the whole worldview of the hero. VVV 10. Initially, it was not conceived as a single composition, but was created and published in parts. VVV
Answer: Basic units of language:
1) phoneme- the smallest unit of language and speech, which has a form, but not content; serves to identify or distinguish between words and morphemes.
2) morpheme- a non-independent unit of the language, a significant part of the word, which has both form and content.
3) word (lexeme)- the central independent unit of the language, which has a form, as well as the unity of lexical and grammatical meanings.
4) offer- the main syntactic unit of the language, which is a means of forming, expressing and communicating thoughts, as well as a means of conveying emotions and will.
Exercise 4. In accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language tools, enter the types of norms in the table:
Exercise 5. Determine which norms are violated in the sentences:
1. Onegin belongs to the category of people of a noble society. 2. He achieved such results by presenting the novel to us in the form of notes from Grinev's diary. 3. Pecherin indulges in passion with the savage Bella. 4. The author is trying to steer readers in a slightly different direction. 6. As MK has written more than once, the current pyramid of Russian power is geared towards Putin. 7. Guest worker Ira Filippova, who came from Ukraine to work on concert numbers in one of the many tents in St. Petersburg. 8. Apparently at these speeds the matter ceases to be itself and disintegrates. 9. I was also surprised that the multi-colored threads with which the image was embroidered did not fade and did not lose their strength for more than five centuries. 10. In the language of actors, "numbered" meant the ability to sing, play, tell, improvise, imitate someone. 11. Since 2002, the People's Faculty has been working at the Novosibirsk State Technical University.
Exercise 6. Determine which subsystem of the language is represented in the texts and by what language means.
1) - And they will. Look, how Basco is there ... Suddenly, God will give them wealth. Evot how much! Evo! Pila says, pointing at the big house.
Perhaps. Toldy we will live together?
Otherwise, we’ll call Matryona.
A request would be necessary ...
Pila became sad. Now it seemed to him that he had no relatives at all, except for Sysoika, and the guys disappeared. It's a pity!
At the market he bought three loaves of bread and a liver. Sysoiko was carrying bread. I drank liver. They again approached the bishop's fence.
Let's go there, - said Sysoiko.
AND! Glee, where everyone goes.
And there are the burlaks.
They won't let us in, they'll put us in prison.
However, they entered the fence, went up to the porch and wanted to enter the church. They were driven away again ... They went to the barges.
Move! devils! .. - the pilot shouted at them.
The boat was already sailing. Pila, Sysoika and three other barge haulers were put on a shitik.
Are the guys here? Peel asked the pilot on the barge.
Wait for your guys!
And why did you leave them?
Yes, they stayed in the church, they didn’t find it ... What a disaster!
Paulie, staring there for the first time!
(Reshetnikov F.M. Between people)
2. The morning that day was sunny, brilliant, but cool - the relative proximity of the South Pole made itself felt. A fresh wind was blowing, and snow-white cirrus clouds were rushing across the sky, representing elegant fantastic patterns. Swaying smoothly, our clipper flew with full wind under the topsails in one reef, under the foresail and mainsail, running away from a passing wave.
Shutikov stood on the mainline, attached with a hemp belt, and learned to throw a lot, having recently replaced another sailor. Proshka was also close to him. He cleaned the gun and from time to time stopped, admiring Shutikov, as he, after gaining many circles of the lot-line (the rope on which the lot is attached), deftly throws it back like a lasso, and then, when the rope stretches out, again with quick deft movements selects her..
Suddenly, a desperate cry was heard from the quarterdeck:
Man overboard!
(Stanyukovich K.M. Man overboard)
3. What a warming up, - Aunt Dunya noticed, when I came home with lake water in two buckets, - "netniks" do not like the big sun, except that "jokes", with water round dance girls. I already knew that "netchiks" are absent, absent, but the presence of "netchiks" constantly has to be reckoned with: they are all sorts of undead, evil spirits, complacently playful or insidious, harmful. (Akhmadulina B. Despair. Diary)
4. A drunken young man, apparently about seventeen years old, in patent leather boots, in a Hungarian coat with a tourniquet and a new cap on the back of his head, banging the bottom of his vodka glass on the table, convincingly proved something to a little shabby little man:
Listen, you...
And listen to what? what are you listening to? We worked together, and in half...
It is in half! .. You are a plug, I am on a screen, you are a shoveler, and I have a tank ... There are two red ones in the shoveler! ..
Introduction
In the nineteenth century, an autocratic-feudal system dominated in Russia. Under the conditions of this system, the condition of the people was unbearable; tragic was the fate of advanced thinking people. Richly gifted by nature people perished in its stuffy atmosphere or were doomed to inactivity. These people with progressive views appeared too early in the arena of public life, there were no favorable conditions for their appearance yet, they were “superfluous” in life, and therefore perished. This was reflected in the works of leading writers of the nineteenth century. "Eugene Onegin" and "A Hero of Our Time" are the best works of art of their era. In the center of events are people from high society who cannot find application for their abilities and skills.
“In his poem, he was able to touch on so many things, to hint about so many things, that he belongs exclusively to the world of Russian nature, to the world of Russian society. "Onegin" can be called an encyclopedia of Russian life and a folk work of the highest degree.
(V.G. Belinsky)
"Eugene Onegin"
Onegin is a typical representative of the noble youth of the 20s of the XIX century. The poet created such an image, which reflects "that premature old age of the soul, which has become the main feature of the younger generation." Onegin is a contemporary of both the author and the Decembrists. The main character is not interested in social life, the career of an official, everything is boring for him. According to V.G. Belinsky, Onegin “was not one of ordinary people,” while Pushkin says that Onegin’s boredom is due to the fact that he has no useful business. Onegin is a "suffering egoist", but still an outstanding personality. The Russian nobility of that time was an estate of landowners and landowners. Ownership of estates and serfs was a kind of measuring tape of wealth and prestige, as well as high social status. Eugene's father "gave three balls every year and finally squandered", and the protagonist himself, after receiving an inheritance from "all his relatives", became a rich landowner and ...
Factories, waters, forests, lands
The owner is complete...
But wealth is also associated with ruin and debt. By mortgaging already mortgaged estates, debts were not only the work of poor landowners, but also of many "powerful ones". One of these reasons in this situation was the idea that developed during the reign of Catherine II "truly noble behavior consists not only in big expenses, but also in spending beyond one's means." Thanks to the appearance of various educational literature from abroad, people, namely the younger generation, began to understand the perniciousness of serf farming, including Eugene. He "read Adam Smith and was a deep economy." Unfortunately, there were few such people, therefore, when Onegin, under the influence of the ideas of the Decembrists, “he replaced the corvée with an old dues with a light yoke”,
... In his corner pouted.
Seeing in this terrible harm,
His prudent neighbor.
In the case, the heir can accept the inheritance and take on debts with it or refuse it, leaving the creditors to settle accounts among themselves. Youth is a time of hope for inheritance. In the second half of life, one should be freed from debts, becoming the heir to "all his relatives" or marrying favorably.
Who at twenty was a dandy or a grip.
And at thirty profitably married;
Who got free at fifty
From private and other debts.
For the nobles of that time, military service was natural, and the absence of this feature had to have a special explanation. Onegin, as is clear from the novel, never served at all, which made Eugene a black sheep among his contemporaries. In this case, a new tradition is shown. Previously, refusal to serve was called selfishness, but now refusal began to take the form of a struggle for personal independence and upholding the right to live independently of state requirements. So Onegin leads a life free from official duties. Not everyone could afford such a life at that time. Let's take as an example the order, go to bed early and get up early, to obey which, not only the official, but also the emperor had to obey. This was a kind of sign of aristocracy, separating a non-serving nobleman from the common people and rural landowners. But the fashion to get up as late as possible ascended from the French aristocracy and was brought to Russia by emigrants. Favorite places for walking were Nevsky Prospekt and Angliskaya Embankment, it was there that Onegin walked “putting on a wide bolivar, Onegin goes to the boulevard.” An opportunity in the afternoon to fill the gap between the restaurant and the ball was the theater. The theater was not only a place of spectacle, but also a kind of club where secular conversations were held.
The theater is already full; lodges shine;
Parterre and chairs - everything is in full swing;
Everything is clapping. Onegin enters,
Walks between the chairs on the legs.
Double lorgnette slanting induces
To the lodges of unknown ladies.
Tired of city life, Onegin settles in the countryside. There begins the friendship of Onegin and Lensky, who, as Pushkin says, agreed "from nothing to do." This eventually led to a duel.
The novel "Eugene Onegin" is an inexhaustible source telling about the customs and life of that time. Onegin himself is a true hero of his time, and in order to understand him, we study the time in which he lived.
“There is a lot of falsehood in Pechorin’s ideas, there are distortions in his sensations; but all this is redeemed by his rich nature.
(V.G. Belinsky)
4
"... Onegin is Russian, he is possible only in Russia, he is needed in it and he is met at every turn ... Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" is his younger brother."
(A.I. Herzen)
Sundullness
In the nineteenth century, an autocratic-feudal system dominated in Russia. Under the conditions of this system, the condition of the people was unbearable; tragic was the fate of advanced thinking people. Richly gifted by nature people perished in its stuffy atmosphere or were doomed to inactivity. These people with progressive views appeared too early in the arena of public life, there were no favorable conditions for their appearance yet, they were “superfluous” in life, and therefore perished. This was reflected in the works of leading writers of the nineteenth century. "Eugene Onegin" and "A Hero of Our Time" are the best works of art of their era. In the center of events are people from high society who cannot find application for their abilities and skills.
“In his poem, he was able to touch on so many things, to hint about so many things, that he belongs exclusively to the world of Russian nature, to the world of Russian society. "Onegin" can be called an encyclopedia of Russian life and a folk work of the highest degree.
(V.G. Belinsky)
"Eugene Onegin"
Onegin is a typical representative of the noble youth of the 20s of the XIX century. The poet created such an image, which reflects "that premature old age of the soul, which has become the main feature of the younger generation." Onegin is a contemporary of both the author and the Decembrists. The main character is not interested in social life, the career of an official, everything is boring for him. According to V.G. Belinsky, Onegin “was not one of ordinary people,” while Pushkin says that Onegin’s boredom is due to the fact that he has no useful business. Onegin is a "suffering egoist", but still an outstanding personality. The Russian nobility of that time was an estate of landowners and landowners. Ownership of estates and serfs was a kind of measuring tape of wealth and prestige, as well as high social status. Eugene's father "gave three balls every year and finally squandered", and the protagonist himself, after receiving an inheritance from "all his relatives", became a rich landowner and ...
Factories, waters, forests, lands
The owner is complete...
But wealth is also associated with ruin and debt. By mortgaging already mortgaged estates, debts were not only the work of poor landowners, but also of many "powerful ones". One of these reasons in this situation was the idea that developed during the reign of Catherine II "truly noble behavior consists not only in big expenses, but also in spending beyond one's means." Thanks to the appearance of various educational literature from abroad, people, namely the younger generation, began to understand the perniciousness of serf farming, including Eugene. He "read Adam Smith and was a deep economy." Unfortunately, there were few such people, therefore, when Onegin, under the influence of the ideas of the Decembrists, “he replaced the corvée with an old dues with a light yoke”,
... In his corner pouted.
Seeing in this terrible harm,
His prudent neighbor.
In the event, the heir may accept the inheritance and take on debts with it or refuse it, leaving the creditors to settle accounts among themselves. Youth is a time of hope for inheritance. In the second half of life, one should be freed from debts, becoming the heir to "all his relatives" or marrying favorably.
Blessed…
Who at twenty was a dandy or a grip.
And at thirty profitably married;
Who got free at fifty
From private and other debts.
For the nobles of that time, military service was natural, and the absence of this feature had to have a special explanation. Onegin, as is clear from the novel, never served at all, which made Eugene a black sheep among his contemporaries. In this case, a new tradition is shown. Previously, refusal to serve was called selfishness, but now refusal began to take the form of a struggle for personal independence and upholding the right to live independently of state requirements. So Onegin leads a life free from official duties. Not everyone could afford such a life at that time. Let's take as an example the order, go to bed early and get up early, to obey which, not only the official, but also the emperor had to obey. This was a kind of sign of aristocracy, separating a non-serving nobleman from the common people and rural landowners. But the fashion to get up as late as possible ascended from the French aristocracy and was brought to Russia by emigrants. Favorite places for walking were Nevsky Prospekt and Angliskaya Embankment, it was there that Onegin walked “putting on a wide bolivar, Onegin goes to the boulevard.” An opportunity in the afternoon to fill the gap between the restaurant and the ball was the theater. The theater was not only a place of spectacle, but also a kind of club where secular conversations were held.
The theater is already full; lodges shine;
Parterre and chairs - everything is in full swing;
Everything is clapping. Onegin enters,
Walks between the chairs on the legs.
Double lorgnette slanting induces
To the lodges of unknown ladies.
Tired of city life, Onegin settles in the countryside. There begins the friendship of Onegin and Lensky, who, as Pushkin says, agreed "from nothing to do." This eventually led to a duel.
The novel "Eugene Onegin" is an inexhaustible source telling about the customs and life of that time. Onegin himself is a true hero of his time, and in order to understand him, we study the time in which he lived.
“There is a lot of falsehood in Pechorin’s ideas, there are distortions in his sensations; but all this is redeemed by his rich nature.
(V.G. Belinsky)
"Hero of our time"
Pechorin is a hero of a completely different transitional time, a representative of the noble youth, who entered life after the defeat of the Decembrists. G.A. Pechorin is one of the main artistic discoveries of M.Yu. Lermontov. In it, the fundamental features of the post-Decembrist era received their artistic expression. The image and type of Pechorin captures a striking discrepancy between the external and internal world. He repeatedly in his diary speaks of his inconsistency and duality. This duality was seen as the result of secular education and the impact on him of the noble sphere, the transitional nature of his era.
Explaining the purpose of creating the novel, M.Yu. Lermontov, even in the preface, makes it clear what the image of Pechorin is for him: “The hero of our time, my gracious sovereigns, is like a portrait, but not of one person: this is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation, in their full development.” The author set himself the task, wanting to display on the pages of the novel, the hero of his time. And here we have Pechorin - a tragic person, a young man suffering from his restlessness, in despair asking himself the question “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born? In the image of Lermontov, Pechorin is a man of a very specific time. This is a nobleman-intellectual of the Nikolaev era, its victim and hero in one person, whose soul is corrupted by light. The personality of Pechorin is presented in the novel as a unique individual manifestation in him of the universal species and generic. From his predecessor Onegin, Pechorin differs not only in temperament, depth of thought and feeling, willpower, but also in the degree of self-awareness, his attitude to the world. Pechorin, to a greater extent than Onegin, is a thinker, an ideologist. He is organically philosophical. In this respect, he is a characteristic representative of his time, according to Belinsky "the age of the philosophizing spirit." Pechorin embodies such qualities as a developed consciousness and self-awareness, the perception of himself as a representative of not only the current society, but also the entire history of mankind as a whole. But being the son of his time and society, he also bears their indelible mark. In the personality of Gregory, one can observe something especially characteristic of a socially unsettled general, etc.