Serving to describe a property (or feature, as it is called in grammar) of an object, action, or other property (that is, a feature).
Peculiarities
If an adverb is adjacent to a verb or a gerund, it describes the property of the action. If it is used together with an adjective or participle, then it characterizes the property of the attribute, and if the adverb is combined with a noun, then it denotes the property of the object.
“How, when, where and why? Where and where? Why, how much and how much? - these are the questions that the adverb answers.
It does not have the ability to change the grammatical form, so it is interpreted as an invariable part of speech. The adverb has two morphological features - it forms groups associated with different meanings, and in some cases it has
Value Groups
There are six main semantic groups of adverbs.
Degrees of comparison
Adverbs can be formed from different parts of speech. Those of them that are formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison.
- The comparative degree, in turn, is simple when its form is formed and compound, when the adverb in the comparative degree is formed using the words "less" or "more". Here are some examples:
Simple shape: slow - slower, bright - brighter, thin - thinner, etc.;
- composite form: sonorous - more sonorous, solemn - less solemn.
- The superlative degree of qualitative adverbs is formed by attaching the lexemes "most" and "least" to the neutral word, for example: "This speech most successfully demonstrates my oratory skills."
- In some cases, the superlative degree is obtained by combining the comparative degree with the pronouns "everyone", "everyone", for example: "I jumped higher than everyone." "Most of all he liked the music of Beethoven."
- Some adverbs of superlative and comparative degree have a different root: much - more - more than anyone; bad - worst - worst, etc.
Syntactic role
- "Anna walked up the steps (how?) solemnly." In this sentence, the adverb is the circumstance.
- “We were served eggs (what?) soft-boiled and meat (what?) in French.” In this case, adverbs fulfill the mission
- "Your gift (what did you do?) came in handy." In this case, the adverb is the nominal part of the compound predicate. A verb without it cannot be perceived here as a full-fledged predicate.
Spelling of adverbs
What letter should the adverb end with? How not to make a mistake with her choice? There is an algorithm.
However, it is necessary to remember that if the adverb comes from a noun or adjective that already has this prefix in it, then at the end of the adverb we will write the letter about. Example: pass the exam ahead of schedule (adverb from the adjective ahead of schedule).
At the end, after hissing in the dialect, we will write completely covered with clouds; ran galloping; go away. We find exceptions only in the word "unbearable" and in the word "married" - here the hissing ones remain without a soft sign.
Hyphen and adverb
What will help determine whether or not to write a word with a hyphen? Remember the following rule: through a hyphen we write words that
- Derived from pronouns and adjectives with the participation of the prefix on- and suffixes - him, -th, -and.Examples: will be in my opinion; disperse kindly; talk in your own way.
- Derived from numerals with the participation of the prefix in- (in-) and suffixes th, -them: firstly, thirdly.
- Arose through the participation of the prefix something or suffixes something, something, something. Examples: There is something for you; someone asked you; someday you will remember; if there is a fire anywhere.
- By adding words that are close in meaning or repeated words: happened a long time ago; barely move.
Finally
The Russian language is colorful and expressive. The adverb plays one of the main roles in this, supplying our speech with expressive and rich details. The dialect holds many secrets and, according to linguists, is still in development.
Adverb
Adverb(The term was formed by an inaccurate tracing paper from Lat. adverbium) - part of speech, unchangeable, denoting a sign of action, a sign of a sign. In school teaching, it is customary to say that the words of this class answer the questions “how?”, “Where?”, “Where?”, “Where?”, “When?”, “Why?”, “For what purpose?”, "in what degree?" and most often refer to verbs and denote a sign of action. Adverbs are formed in the process of adverbialization.
Classification by lexical meaning
- circumstantial:
- time- indicate the time of the action ( yesterday, today, tomorrow, morning, afternoon, evening, night, spring, now, later, later, always);
- places- indicate the place of the action ( far, near, far, near, here, there, to the right, to the left, back, from afar, towards, sideways, about);
- the reasons- indicate the reason for the action ( blindly, rashly, foolishly, drunkenly, reluctantly, not without reason);
- goals- indicate the purpose of the action ( on purpose, on purpose, in spite of, in defiance of, in jest, intentionally, unintentionally, inadvertently).
- Determinants:
- quality- express a characteristic or assessment of an action or feature ( cold, brutal, sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right);
- quantitative- determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or feature ( a lot, a little, a little, doubly, triple, twice, thrice, two, three, six, very, very, completely, absolutely);
- manner and mode of action- indicates how the action is to be performed run, gallop, step, swim, mix, idle, back, for sure);
- comparisons and assimilations - (in a woman's way, in a bearish way, in an old way, in our way, in a friendly way, as before, a crochet nose, upright, squiggle, on end, a hedgehog, a pillar);
- aggregates - (two, three, nationwide, together).
Qualitative adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison
- the comparative degree is expressed:
- syntactically: using suffixes -her(-her), -she, -e,"-same" ( more interesting, longer, stronger, louder). Some adverbs form the comparative degree suppletive, that is, changing the stem: good - better, much more, little - less", "deep-deeper";
- analytically: with the help of an auxiliary word more in combination with the original form of the adverb: more strongly, more vile, more vile etc.
- superlatives are expressed as:
- syntactically (gr. σοφὸς - σοφοτατα ): wise - the wisest; with suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-: I humbly ask, I bow down. Very rarely used in modern Russian;
- analytically: by combining the word most with the original form of the adverb: most disgusting, most scary, the worst etc. It has a bookish tone and is used mostly in the scientific style of speech and journalism;
- complex form: a combination of words all, Total with a synthetic form of the comparative degree: the best, the best thing, most.
There are adverbs significant, if they are formed from significant words, that is, if adverbs call some sign directly ( quiet, loud, evening).
There are also adverbs pronominal, that is, if the adverb does not name a sign, but only indicates it, that is, the manner of action ( So), places of action ( there, here, here, there), time of action ( when, then, then, always), reason ( therefore, therefore), goal ( then). Pronominal adverbs are not a category of adverbs, but a category of pronouns. Significant adverbs predominate in Russian.
Classification by method of education
- suffix: fast - fast, creative - creative;
- prefix-suffix: dry - dry;
- prefixal: good - bad, where - nowhere;
- Addition of different types:
- addition of words: barely, barely - barely, recklessly - insanely;
- addition to the first element semi-: reclining; half-sitting
- addition with the addition of a suffix or a prefix and a suffix: to walk by - in passing, gender, strength - half strength.
Spelling of adverbs
- Use of a hyphen:
- in adverbs to -ki, -s, th with prefix on-: like a friend;
- in adverbs to th, -s with prefix in-/in- formed from ordinal numbers ( firstly);
- in indefinite adverbs with a prefix something and suffixes -something/-either/-anything/-the same/-ka (somewhere, something, somehow);
- in adverbs formed:
- repetition of words and the basics of words (barely, willy-nilly, after all);
- a combination of synonymous words (out of the blue).
- Console on- spelled succinctly:
- in adverbs formed from adjectives using this prefix and suffixes -y, -Enka, -onka (simply);
- with forms of the comparative degree of adverbs ( taller);
Note: phrases that have the meaning of circumstances are written separately ( eventually, dot to dot). Combinations exactly the same, criss-cross, inside out are written with a hyphen because these are already adverbs, not nouns.
- It is written fluently:
- prepositions with adverbs ( until now, from outside, forever and ever);
- adverbs formed by combining prepositions in and on the with collective numbers ( twice, triple);
- adverbs formed by combining prepositions with full adjectives ( hard boiled).
- as a rule, adverbs formed by combining a preposition and a noun ( up, in excess of, away, due to);
- adverbs formed by combining a preposition with interrogative and demonstrative pronouns ( why, from what).
Note: adverb consisting of a preposition in and a full adjective beginning with a vowel are written separately ( openly)
Adverbs in other languages
Literature
- "Modern Russian language", ed. D. E. Rosenthal
Links
- Alesh Brandner Adverbs in the circle of parts of speech - The history of their occurrence (formation) (doc). (unavailable link - story) Retrieved 20 January 2010.
Parts of speech | |
---|---|
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Synonyms:See what "Adverb" is in other dictionaries:
Cm … Synonym dictionary
Adverb. The word adverb (Greek 【πί〴〳ημα, Latin adverbium) actually means a verb (from 〳〟μα, verbum verb). But even Barsov in his grammar (XVIII century) noted that the etymological meaning of the term adverb does not correspond to later ... ... History of words
1. ADVERB, I; cf. Lingu. The totality of local dialects or dialects of some l. languages that have dialectal features common to them. South Great Russian N. North Great Russian n. Celtic n. 2. ADVERB, I; cf. Lingu. Invariable part of speech... encyclopedic Dictionary
- (tracing paper, Latin adverbium, Greek epirrhema), part of speech, a class of full-valued words, unchanged or changed only by degrees of comparison. Denotes a sign of an action or state (sings well, sleeps soundly) and a sign of quality (very ... ... Modern Encyclopedia
A group of dialects interconnected by a number of common phenomena ...
Part of speech, a class of fully-meaning words that are unchanged or change only in degrees of comparison. Designates a sign of action (state) or quality. In a sentence, it usually acts as a circumstance ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
1. ADVERB1, adverbs, cf. (ling.). The totality of local dialects, dialects that have common features, the dialect is larger than the dialect. Okachee and akaya adverbs of the Russian language. 2. ADVERB2, adverbs, cf. (gram.). Invariable part of speech, ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
ADVERB 1, I, cf. The totality of the territorial dialects of what n. language. North Great Russian n. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
ADVERB 2, I, cf. In grammar: a part of speech denoting a sign of an action, another sign (quality, property), less often H of an object, for example. clear, loud, here, always, home, at night, soft-boiled. Pronominal adverbs (here, there, where, where, from where, ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
ADVERB, I, cf. The totality of the territorial dialects of what n. language. North Great Russian n. II. ADVERB, I, cf. In grammar: a part of speech denoting a sign of an action, another sign (quality, property), less often an object, for example. clear loud... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
Books
- A set of tables. English language. Noun. Pronoun. Adverb (9 tables), . Educational album of 9 sheets. Art. 5-8658-009. Plural of nouns. Pronouns 1. Pronouns 2. Some/any. Adverbs. Nouns used only in the singular...
For interpersonal communication in the process of speaking people, various speech parts are used. The most significant of them is adverb. It endows a specific action with a certain attribute, or a certain attribute with a specific attribute. An adverb can be attached to almost all speech parts. It all depends on the speech part, which is in commonwealth with the adverb, it has different designations:
1. If the adverb is attached to the verb (germ), it denotes a sign of a certain action (for example, tasty cooking - attachment to the verb, tasty cooking - to the gerund);
2. If the adverb is attached directly to the noun, then in this case it denotes a sign of a particular object (for example, far from the stop);
3. If the adverb is attached to an adjective, another adverb or participle, then it denotes a sign of a sign (for example, very boring - to an adjective, extremely long - to an adverb, deliciously baked - to a participle).
What questions does the adverb answer?
I would like to note the fact that adverbs belong to the indeclinable speech part. In sentences, as a rule, adverbs have the function of circumstance. Adverbs in Russian can answer many questions, depending on this, they are also divided into groups:
1. Adverbs of place - answer the questions - “From where?”, “Where?”, “Where?” (there, near, from afar);
2. Adverbs of time - “How long?”, “When?”, “Until when?”, “Since when?” (Very long, yesterday, today, until tomorrow);
3. Adverbs of purpose answer the question "Why?" (specially);
4. Adverbs of manner can be identified by asking the question "In what way?" or how?" (slowly, badly);
5. Adverbs that answer the questions "How much?", "To what extent?", "How much?", "How much?", "To what extent?" are adverbs of measure and degree (very shrill, much, for a long time);
6. Adverbs of reason answer the question "Why?" (involuntarily).
Morphological analysis of the adverb. Example.
For a more detailed study of the adverb, there is such a thing as morphological analysis. It is used to highlight two constant features, because the adverb has no non-permanent features. Below is a parsing diagram with an example of the word "Low":
1. Part of speech - Low - adverb, because it denotes a sign of a certain action.
2. Morphological features:
category by value - definitive;
if available, then the degree of comparison is lower;
immutable word - the word is immutable.
3. Syntactic function - The switch in the apartment was so low that Alexei had to bend down to turn on the light. The adverb "low" is an adverb describing the manner of action.
Adverb suffixes.
In order not to make mistakes in the spelling of adverbs, it is necessary to remember that:
Adverbs with prefixes -do, -s, -iz will have a suffix -a (again, long time ago);
Adverbs that begin with prefixes -in, -on, -za - have the suffix -o (left, right).
An adverb is a part of speech denoting a sign of an action, a sign of an object, or a sign of another sign. Answers the question how? which? which? which? in what degree? to what extent?
Examples of the word part of speech adverb: strong, up, in Russian, step, too.
Morphological features
Adverbs indicate the following signs:
- Action sign- adverbs are attached to a verb or gerund and answer the question how? Examples: live (how?) together, go (how?) quickly.
- Item attribute- join nouns and answer the question what? which? which? Examples: walking (what?) on foot, reading (what?) aloud, coffee (what?) strong.
- Sign of another sign- join an adjective, participle or other adverb and answer questions to what extent? to what extent? as? Examples: a very controversial issue, a very tall tree, rather pleasant news, I (to what extent?) A little sad, walking (how?) on foot.
- Indicates an action(but do not call the sign of the action) - used to link sentences. Examples: there, here, from there, somewhere, etc.
By meaning, adverbs are divided into groups:
- Adverbs of mode of action - answer the questions how? how? (quickly, well, in a friendly way, all of a sudden, etc.);
- Adverbs of time - answer the questions when? since when? How long? how long? (today, now, long ago, in winter, then, in the evening, etc.);
- Adverbs of place answer the questions where? where? where? (away, everywhere, near, upstairs, home, etc.);
- Adverbs of reason - answer the question why? (in the heat of the moment, blindly, involuntarily);
- Adverbs of purpose - answer the question why? (on purpose, out of spite);
- Adverbs of measure and degree - answer the questions how much? In what time? in what degree? to what extent? (very, in two, in half, quite, together, completely, etc.).
Adverbs indicating a sign of action are divided into groups:
- Index - here, there, there, then;
- Indefinite - somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somehow;
- Interrogative - where, where, when, why, how, why;
- Negative - nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, never.
The adverb part of speech does not change: it does not decline and does not conjugate.
Degrees of comparison
Adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives and ending in -о or -е have two degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. Comparative degree - denotes a sign of an object in comparison with a sign of another object. The comparative degree has a simple and compound form. A simple form is formed using the suffixes -ee / -ee / -e / -she (high - higher, strong - stronger, early - earlier). The compound form is formed in conjunction with the adverb with the words more and less (in more detail, less in detail). Superlative degree - usually has a compound form, is formed in conjunction with adverbs and pronouns of all (fastest of all, best of all).
Examples of adverbs
By value
It is good to wander through the grass alone in this lunar autumn (adverb of mode of action).
Now the sky was like a troubled sea (adverb of time).
To the left and right of the boat, some buildings rose from the black water (adverb of place).
Blindly, I stumbled upon a brown (adverb of reason).
By degree of comparison
We decided to meet less often (a simple form of the comparative degree).
I was asked to do the work more carefully (composite form of the comparative degree).
My friend runs the fastest in school (superlative).
Syntactic role
In a sentence, adverbs act as a circumstance, less often as a definition and a predicate.
A song came from afar. Adverb from afar - a circumstance with the question from where?
Solemnly night descends on the earth. Adverb solemnly - circumstance with the question how?
The steamers arrive before dark. The adverb is dark - a circumstance with the question when?
Soft-boiled egg . Soft-boiled adverb - what is the definition with a question?
It is cold outside . The adverb is cool - a predicate with a question what is it?
I'm cold . The adverb is cold - a predicate with the question how?
The role of an adverb in a sentence is largely determined by the part of speech to which it belongs. In most cases, it acts as a circumstance. The article presents the main distinguishing features of the adverb from other parts of speech, as well as examples of its use.
Features of the adverb as a part of speech
Adverb- this is an independent part of speech that indicates a sign of an action, object or other sign and answers questions How? When? Where? Where? What for? How? In a sentence, it acts as a circumstance, less often - an inconsistent definition (depending on the meaning of the adverb and which word it adjoins).
Examples of the use of adverbs: she restlessly sleeping, walking on foot, they first met, stubbornly aim, heart frantically beat, sit down side by side.
How do adverbs differ from other parts of speech?
- An adverb is an invariable part of speech. It does not decline or conjugate; it does not have gender, number, or case forms.
- In most cases, adverbs do not have dependent words, in phrases they can adjoin verbs, adjectives, nouns and other adverbs.
- Adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. (low - below - below all, good - better - best of all, bright - more bright - brightest).
- Adverbs differ from service parts of speech in that they have the lexical meaning of a feature.
- Adverbs are often confused with words of the category of state. However, the words of the state category in phrases do not depend on other words, have the lexical meaning of the state, and, as a rule, are used as a predicate ( Masha was fun (state category word) - We spent a lot of time fun (adverb)).
The adverb as a part of speech is studied in detail in the 7th grade at the Russian language lessons according to the textbook by V. V. Babaitseva. The proposed article will help students quickly remember the material covered, prepare for the test work.
TOP 5 articleswho read along with this