O . M . Prikhodnyuk
From the collection “Early Slavonic world. Materials and research”, 1990
The discovery of early medieval monuments is connected with the territory of the Middle Dnieper region, which became the standard for a whole group of antiquities common on the border of the East European steppe and forest-steppe. We are talking about materials from the settlements near the village. Hemp in Potyasminye, which were mined as a result of the work of the Kremenchuk new construction expedition in 1956-1959. 1 The discoverer and their first interpreter, D.T. Berezovets, considered all four monuments near S. Penkovka (at Molocharnya, Lug I, Lug P and Makarov Island) as links of one evolutionary development of the Penkovskaya group of antiquities, dated by him to the 7th-9th centuries. AD For the early Tyasma monuments, in his opinion, stucco unornamented ceramics are characteristic. In the later settlements, products similar to the dishes of the Luka-Raikovetska culture prevailed. According to the observations of D.T. Lug I is smaller, on Lug II there are only a few specimens, at the settlement of Makarov Ostrov there were no biconical pots at all. For pottery, the opposite process was noted - an increase in its number at later sites 2 .
However, the materials of the settlements near the village. Hemp was compared in total, without taking into account the individual characteristics of dishes from individual building complexes. This has led to conflicting interpretations of the Penkovo archaeological complex. Some researchers classify as Penkovskoe only early sites with exclusively hand-made pottery, others - both early and later sets with molded and hand-made ceramics 4 , still others consider only late assemblages similar to those found at Luga I and Luga II as Penkovo. There were even attempts to deny the semi-dugout nature of the Penkovsky housing construction in the Middle Dnieper.
As a result of the study of archaeological materials from the village. Penkovka on objects, it was found that in Molocharn there is one, the earliest layer, and on Makarova Island, layers of the Sakhnovka and Luka-Raykovetskaya stages are represented. On Luga I and Luga II, three construction periods are distinguished - the stages of Luka-Raikovetskaya, Sakhnovka and Molocharnya. Only the earliest objects with specific molded ceramics are classified as Penkovskaya culture, since the upper building complexes, in terms of the appearance of archaeological materials, are close to the monuments of Luka-Raikovetskaya. They do not have a sufficient number of specific features that would make it possible to rank them among the Penkovo antiquities or distinguish them as an independent archaeological culture.
To verify the results obtained, excavations of the early medieval monuments of the Middle Dnieper near the ss. Sakhnovka, Vilkhovchik, Budishche, Guta-Mikhailovskaya, who confirmed the observations made while working on the materials of a group of settlements near the village. Hemp 7 . In subsequent years, the Middle Dnieper Slavic-Russian Expedition, under the leadership of the author, continued to study the Penkovo antiquities of this region. New excavations were undertaken on settlements in cc. Budishche, Kochubeevka, Sushki, Belyaevka, Zavadovka, and route reconnaissance was carried out along the river. Rossava and Umanka and along their tributaries. In addition, Penkovsky objects were discovered during excavations of monuments of other cultures: the new-building expedition "Dnepr-Donbass" led by D.Ya. Porosye, the Belotserkovskaya expedition led by R.S. Orlova in the city of Belaya Tserkov on the river. Ros. The Dnepro-Donbass expedition discovered a number of new Penkovsky settlements in Poorelje. As a result of field work in the Middle Dnieper region, 36 new Penkov settlements were discovered (Fig. 1).
New materials confirm earlier observations about the nature of the Penkovo archaeological complexes. This concerns the low-lying location, small size and unsystematic planning of settlements, their location in "nests" of 5-7 together, the nature of house building and ceramic complexes. Surveys of settlements over wide areas near cc. Kochubeevka and Sushki showed that the Penkovo dwellings were located haphazardly at a distance of 15-40 m from each other (Fig. 2). Most of the excavated houses were quadrangular semi-dugouts with an area of 7.5 - 24 sq.m (Fig. 3; 4: 1-6; b: I). Sometimes they have a trapezoidal shape in plan (Fig. 4: 3.5). Only semi-dugout No. 2.4 from Kochubeevka was distinguished by its large size - 34.7 sq.m (Fig. 4: 6). Most often, dwelling pits are oriented by corners to the cardinal points with slight deviations in one direction or another. Lols were at a depth of 0.9-1.6 m from the modern surface. The earthen walls of the recesses of the semi-dugouts are vertical, the corners of the pits are straight or rounded. In semi-dugouts No. 1, 3 from Kochubeevka and No. 2.4 from Sushki, holes were cleared from the wooden vertical supports of the frame walls in the corners and in the center of the opposite walls (Fig. 4: 2,3,5). These are traces of vertical supports that supported the ridge run of the roof.
Among the Early Penkovo dwellings, semi-dugouts with hearths and hearth spots dominate. They were found in dwellings No. ,3,4 from Kochubeevka, No. 4 from Sushki, No. 3 from Belyaevka, No. 2 from Zavadovka, No. 3 from Osipovka (Fig. 4: 3,5,6; 3; 5: 1). Only in the early Penkovsky semi-dugout No. 2 from Kochubeevka was a stone oven cleared (Fig. 4: 4). A specific detail of early Penkovo housing construction are small pits dug in the floor closer to the center of the buildings. They were found in dwellings No. 3 from Kochubeevka and No. 3 from Belyaevka (Fig. 4: 3-5; 3). It is generally accepted that such pits determine the location of the central pillar, which strengthened the ridge run. However, by calculating the thickness of the supporting structures, it was found that such a support was not needed in small semi-dugouts. Most likely, such a hole has nothing to do with the central support of the ceiling. It is not always located strictly in the center of the building, but is somewhat shifted towards the hearth.
At the later stages of the existence of the Penkovo culture, almost everywhere there was a replacement in the dwellings of hearths with stoves-heaters. In the second phase of the existence of the culture, foci sometimes remain in the southern regions of the Middle Dnieper region (dwellings No. 1, 9 from Osipovka). In the semi-dugouts No. 2 1-4 from Kochubeevka, and No. 5 from Sushki and No. 2 from Zavadovka, there were household pits of an oval shape, and in the dwelling No. 3 from Belyaevka in the northeast corner, a household pit was cleared in the pit, which went beyond the perimeter of the building (fig.3)
An interesting detail of Penkovo housing construction is the recesses that protruded beyond the perimeter of the pits. They were found in dwellings No. 2 from Kochubeevka, No. 3 from Belyaevka, and No. 3 from Osipovka (Fig. 3; 4: 4). Entrances were dug to floor level (Kochubeevka, Osipovka) or had several steps (Belyaevka). In semi-dugout No. 3 from Osipovka, wooden structures from the facing of the entrance have been preserved.
Outbuildings, which were studied at the settlements from Kochubeevka and Sushkov, had a subrectangular shape with rounded corners, ranging in size from 2.4 x 1.6 m to 3.9 x 2 m and a depth of approx. 1 m from the modern surface. Their floor is flat, the earthen walls of the pits are vertical. Apparently, such buildings were used as sheds. All household pits that were investigated in the settlements from Kochubeevka, Sushkov and Belyaevka were round or oval in plan with a diameter of 0.8 to 1.9 m. Their walls were vertical or slightly narrowed towards a flat bottom. Outside hearths were adobe or lined with small stones. Of interest are the remains of an adobe forge from Sushki, which was located on the northwestern outskirts of the settlement near the water.
In Kochubeevka, the layout of the Penkovsky household was traced, consisting of a dwelling No. 2, four household pits (No. 1-4), an outbuilding No. I and two outdoor hearths (No. 1,2), somewhat remote from the buildings. Apparently, this group of buildings was part of the yard of an individual household (Fig. 2).
In the Penkovsky settlements of the Middle Dnieper region, nomadic houses were studied. These are an oval yurt-shaped dwelling sunk into the ground from Osipovka and a large sub-rectangular semi-dugout from Budishchi (Fig. 4: 1; 6: 1). A peculiar feature of the yurt from Osipovka is the base dug in the ground, which is almost never found among real nomads. “In essence,” writes S. A. Pletneva, “semi-dugout yurts, round in plan, are already residents of the settled population, who have mastered the basic principles of building permanent dwellings. , the location of the hearth in the center of the floor" 9 . The semi-dugout from Budishchi, according to V. D. Beletsky, who classified the Saltov dwellings from Sarkel, belongs to the pillarless ones. ten
The filling of these buildings was dominated by stucco Penkovskaya Ware (Fig. 6: 2-10,13,14; 7: 1-4,6-17). In addition, internal handles from clay cauldrons were found in the yurt from Osipovka (Fig. 6: II, 12), and in the semi-dugout from Budishchi there was a collapse of a kantser-type pottery jug (Fig. 7: 5). A characteristic feature of the stucco ceramic set of buildings of nomadic appearance was organic impurities in the clay dough and the presence of rough incisions along the edge of the rim (Fig. 6: 3; 7: 1-4,9). These features were very characteristic of the nomadic ceramic production of the 1st millennium AD.
The presence of nomadic houses on the Penkovsky monuments of the Middle Dnieper region is evidence of the existence of a territorial community in the society of the Penkovsky tribes of this region. The penetration of the steppe population into the agricultural Slavic environment is completely excluded under the dominance of tribal relations and is possible only if there is a territorial community, which could include multi-ethnic elements. Involved in a single economic process, these elements quickly lost their culture, dissolving into a more numerous ethnic array.
During the excavations of the Penkovo sites, stucco ceramics with a smoothed or bumpy surface are most often found. In the north of the Middle Dnieper region, gruss and sand predominate in the clay dough of Penkovskaya ceramics, and in the south - chamotte and organic impurities. The material obtained during excavations in Budishchi, Kochubeevka, Sushki, Belyaevka and other places makes it possible to create a fairly complete typology of stucco Penkovskaya pottery. During its development, the principles developed by I.P. Rusanova for the Prague ceramic set. Their essence lies in determining the proportions and profiling of vessels according to four parameters: the ratio of the height of the vessels and the height of their greatest expansion, as well as the ratio of the diameter of the greatest expansion and the diameter of the throat 1 . When working with Penkov sets, the profiling of products becomes important, in particular the presence or absence of a rib on the body.
Based on these features, all Penkovo ceramics from the territory of the Middle Dnieper can be divided into 8 types.
The first type includes biconical utensils with a sharp or rounded fracture in the middle or upper third of the body (30-38%). The rounded rim of the vessels is not distinguished or bent outwards. Under the rim there is a molded roller (Fig. 5: 2.5; 8: 2.5.7, 12; 9: 4.8.10; 10: 3; 11: 1.5.8.9.16; 12: 1,4,10,12). The second type of pottery is squat pots with a rounded body, which have a maximum expansion in the middle of the height (26-43%), they have a short rim more or less bent outwards (Fig. 8: 8, 11,13; 11: 3,4,11 ,14.15; 12:2.3).
The third type consists of pots of slender proportions with a rounded, maximally extended body in the middle of the height (9-13%). Their corolla is slightly bent outward (Fig. 8: 4.9; 9: 11; 11: 10). Pots of slender proportions with a maximum expansion in the upper third of the height, which have well-defined shoulders, and the rim is vertical or bent outward, are assigned to the fourth type (4-10%) (Fig. 8: 1; 9: 1; 12: 5). The fifth type includes tulip-shaped vessels with an open neck without shoulders and neck, with a rim slightly bent outward, and sometimes with a drawn ridge in the middle of the height (3-6%) (Fig. 10: I). The sixth type of pottery is represented by pots of various proportions with narrowed bottom and widened upper part (3-5%). Their unmarked edge is bent inward (Fig. 5: 3; 9: 6; 12: 6). The complex of the Penkov set includes bowls of various profiles, which make up the seventh type of ceramics (4-8%) (Fig. 8: 3; 9: 5; 10: 2.4). The eighth type is small circle-shaped vessels with almost vertical or slightly rounded walls (3-4%). Their corolla is barely marked or not distinguished (Fig. 5: 4; 9: 7, 12; 12: 7). Very characteristic of the Penkov culture are flat disks and pans (Fig. 8: 14; 9: 14-16; 10: 5; II: 2.12, 12: 8,9,13; 14-16). Discs come without a rim and with a small rim. In frying pans, a 1-1.5 cm high rim is vertical or slightly bent outwards.
Early Penkovsky sets include pottery ceramics of the Chernyakhovsky appearance (Fig. 8: 6,10; 9: 9), and later - pastoral, office utensils (Fig. 7: 5). Sometimes there are fragments of amphorae with dense corrugations along the body.
Stucco molded Penkovo pottery can be divided into three quantitatively unequal groups. The first includes the most numerous forms of ceramics, which make up the traditional core of the ceramic complex (types 1-3). The second includes forms borrowed from contacting synchronous cultural arrays (4-5 types). The third includes a few ceramic forms adopted from the previous Chernyakhov culture (types 6-8).
Among other ceramic finds at the Penkovsky settlements of the Middle Dnieper, biconical or rounded whorls should be noted (Fig. 13: 10-14, 18-24). From Budishchi comes a ceramic crucible with traces of bronze on the inner surface. Stone products are represented by whetstones (Fig. 13: 16.17). From the bone "burnishers" and piercers were made (Fig. 13: 8). At the settlement of Osipovka, a fragment of a figurative bone loop from a quiver was found (Fig. 13: 3). Beads made of vitreous paste were found in Sushki and Osipovka (Fig. 14: 3.8). A few finds are crafts made of non-ferrous metals. These are a fragment of a zooanthropomorphic brooch from Dezhek, a bracelet with extended ends from Novoseliya, a ring with curled ends and a bronze plate with riveted details (possibly a fragment of a cauldron) from Sushki (Fig. 14: 1,2,6). Products made of ferrous metals are represented by small knives with a straight back and a flat handle (Fig. 13: 5-7), a fragment of a sickle with a hook and a rivet for fastening to a wooden handle from Ko-chubeevka (Fig. 13: 2), a chisel from Sushki ( fig.13: 9), with a chisel from Budishchi (fig. 13: 4).
Metallographic study of blacksmith products was carried out by G.A. Voznesenskaya. Samples of objects from Kochubeevka, Sushkov and Budishchi were taken for analysis. Studies have shown that the use of certain technological methods is not associated with any category of products. Forgings of different nature have the same pattern, and different materials and manufacturing methods can have the same typological forms. In general, Penkovo forgings are distinguished by the simplicity of their technological characteristics. Almost all objects are forged from bloomery iron or heterogeneous raw, mostly mild steel. The sickle from Kochubeevka had a package structure.
Of the technological methods that improve the working qualities of tools, there is heat treatment. Sometimes things come across, in the manufacture of which welding of iron with steel and cementation are used.
Important data were obtained in the study of osteological material. Judging by the bones of animals identified by 0.I. Zhuravlev, the main part of the Penkovo herd was cattle, the second place belongs to pigs, followed by small cattle and horses (Table 1). This composition of domestic animals is typical for a settled agricultural economy. The bones of wild animals and fish are much rarer, which indicates the secondary role of hunting and fishing in the economy of the tribes of the Penkovo culture. Among the bones of wild animals, the remains of a red deer and a wild boar are more common, then a roe deer and a hare.
Table I
Data on crops grown by the tribes of the Penkovskaya culture were obtained by paleobotanical studies of imprints of grains of cereals on ceramics. On dishes from the settlements of Kochubeevka and Osipovka, GA Pashkevich found prints of four types of wheat (dwarf, dwarf-soft, two-grain, soft), millet, two types of barley (chaffy and naked), oats, rye. Findings among cereal crops of multicyclic plants suggest the presence of crop rotation. Apparently, crops of winter and spring crops alternated.
The most important achievements in the study of the Penkovo culture of the Middle Dnieper region in recent years include the identification of the early stage of its existence. In previous times, the most widespread were late materials, which were characterized by semi-dugouts with stoves-heaters, a relatively homogeneous ceramic material, represented by rough biconical and round-sided pots, frying pans and, to a lesser extent, dishes of the Prague and Kolochinsky appearance. Such a complex was accompanied by fragments of pastoral and kantser pottery, finger-like, zoomorphic, zooanthropomorphic brooches, and items of Martynov-type belt sets. In general, the second phase of the Penkovo culture dates back to the 6th-7th centuries. AD 12
Among II, the best-preserved semi-dugouts from the excavations of recent years, 8 belong to the early stage of the culture's existence. All of them are characterized by semi-dugouts of subsquare outlines with hearths or hearth spots, pits located closer to the center of the buildings, and some specifics of ceramic sets. Early Penkovian biconical pots most often have slender proportions and a clear rib on the body. A sign of archaism is the presence among the modeled dishes of items with a smoothed and sometimes polished surface, the presence of molded bumps and crescents on the upper part of the pots, and the presence of discs. Early borrowings from Chernyakhiv antiquities include stucco pots with an edge turned inward and fragments of gray pottery ceramics of the Chernyakhovsky appearance. The ratios of the characteristics of the first and second phases of the Penkovskaya culture are shown in the correlation table II. In compiling it, some materials from previous excavations were used.
Table II
In determining the chronology of early Penkovsky antiquities, an important place belongs to the stratigraphy of the settlements from Belyaevka and Zavadovka, where there were cases of Chernyakhiv dwellings being cut by early Penkovsky semi-dugouts.
These facts testify to the existence of objects of the first phase of the Penkovo culture in the post-Chernyakhov time, up to the appearance of the Penkovian antiquities of the developed stage. For their absolute dating, there are also necessary materials. By the end of the 5th century AD. refers to a ring with curled ends from Sushki. 13 According to European analogies, V.N.E. A massive silver buckle from burial No. 4 at the third burial ground from Bolshaya Andrusovka is dated. From other territories, there are a number of other things that date the first phase of the Penkovo culture to the middle of the 1st millennium AD. By IV-V centuries AD. includes a large iron crossbow fibula from an early Penkovsky dwelling at the settlement of Kunya in the southern Bug region. By analogy from Chmi-Brigettio to the 5th century AD. it is possible to attribute a bronze mirror with a solar sign and traces of an eyelet on the back, found at the Penkovsky settlement of Khanska II in Moldavia 16 . Based on the above facts, the first phase of the Penkovo culture can be dated between the first half of the 5th - the border of the 5th-6th centuries AD.
In the early phase of the existence of the Penkov culture of the Middle Dnieper, there were ways of infiltration into the local cultural environment of elements of adjacent archaeological massifs. Thus, the appearance of stone stoves in the Penkovskaya semi-dugouts can be associated with influences from the Prague-type culture, for which stoves-heaters are a traditional part in house building. This also explains the presence of Prague-style pots (type IV) among the Penkovo ceramic sets. Under the influence of Kolochin antiquities, tulip-shaped pots (V type) appeared in the Middle Dnieper region. The influence of the steppe dwellers on the population of the Penkovo culture in the southern regions of the Middle Dnieper region is very tangible, which is manifested in the presence of nomadic houses, ceramics with organic impurities in clay dough and pots decorated with rough notches along the edge of the rim.
New Penkovsky settlements in the Middle Dnieper
1, 2. the village of Babichi, Kanevsky district, Cherkasy region. On the first elevated floodplain of the right bank of the river. Rossava on an area of 200 x 50 m in 1979 collected a large amount of stucco Scythian and Penkovo ceramics. A biconical spinner and several ancient Russian shards of the 12th-13th centuries were also found there.
On the territory of the northwestern outskirts of the village, on the elevation of the first floodplain of the right bank of the Rossava, on an area of 1000 x 100 m, Scythian ceramics were collected in 1979. In the center of this area, there were stucco Penkovo shards.
3. p. Baybakovka, Tsarychansky district, Dnepropetrovsk region To the west of the village, on the left bank of the Orel River, the expedition of D.Ya.Telegin in 1970 collected stucco pottery from Penkovo.
4. Belaya Tserkov, Belotserkovsky district, Kyiv region. On Paliyeva Gora, located on the high left bank of the Ros River, there is a round settlement with a diameter of approx. 55 m. During the reconnaissance excavations of the Belotserkovskaya expedition led by R. S. Orlov in 1978, the remains of a semi-dugout 3.7 m wide were found there. Molded ceramics and an iron buckle were found in its filling (Fig. 11: 10-15; 13: 5 ).
5. p. Belyaevka, Aleksandrovsky district, Kirovograd region At the settlement with the Chernyakhovsky and Penkovsky cultural layers, which is located 250 m southeast of the village, at the source of the Belyaevsky Yar, stationary archaeological excavations were carried out in 1982. In addition to the Chernyakhov sites, the remains of two Penkovsky semi-dugouts and one utility pit were explored there.
Dwelling No. 3 overlapped the Chernyakhov land dwelling No. 2. It was a half-dugout, subsquare in plan, measuring 3.4 x 3 m and 1.3 m deep from the modern surface. The walls of the building are oriented strictly to the cardinal points. The walls of the earthen pit were vertical, the leveled floor was smeared with clay and well rammed. Along the southern wall there was a small elevation up to 0.4 m wide and 0.2 m high from the floor level. Near the southeastern corner, a 0.9 m wide entrance was cleared, protruding 0–4 m beyond the perimeter of the depression. The entrance had three mainland steps 0.3-0.35 m wide and 0.2-0.3 m high. The lower step was located inside the dwelling, it was formed by a specially left mainland elevation. A hole 0.2 m in diameter and 0.2 m deep from the floor level was cleared in the center of the floor of the building.
Two more holes were found in the center of the western and eastern sides, at a distance of 0.3-0.4 m from the walls. The pits are oval in plan with a diameter of approx. 0.25 m and a depth of 0.1 m from the floor level. In the northwestern corner there was an oval pit, 0.4 m beyond the perimeter of the building. Its largest diameter is 1.1 m, the depth from the floor level is 0.6 m. There was no hearth in the semi-dugout, only very slight traces of burning were found near the utility pit (Fig. 3). In the dark filling of dwelling No. 2 3, small fragments of hand-made ceramics (ribbed and round-sided pots, fragments of disks), small fragments of Chernyakhov pottery were found. A fragment of an iron buckle was found in the pit.
Dwelling No. 4 was largely destroyed during earthworks. The length of the semi-countryman is 3.6 m, the width of the preserved part is 0.9-1.1 m. The depth of the building reached 1.1 m from the modern surface. Judging by the surviving part, it had a quadrangular shape. In the lower layers of its filling, round-shaped and ribbed molded pottery, fragments of frying pans were found (Fig. 11: 1-4).
Pit No. 6 was located 3 m northwest of semi-dugout No. 3. It is almost round in plan, with walls slightly narrowed towards a flat bottom. The diameter of the recess is 1.1 m, the depth is 1 m from the modern surface. In the dark filling of the pit, there were single fragments of stucco Penkovskaya crockery.
6. Boguslav, Boguslavsky district, Kyiv region. On the elevation of the left bank of the river. Ros, at the confluence of the Karyachevka stream into it on an area of 50 x50 m. A.P. Motsya in 1982 collected stucco Penkovskaya and pottery ancient Russian ceramics.
7. p. Budishche Cherkasy district, Cherkasy region. In 1979, small archaeological excavations were undertaken at the settlement, where stationary work was carried out in 1978. Semi-dugout No. 3 was cleared, subrectangular in plan with rounded corners, 6 x 4.2 m in size and 0.8-0.9 m deep from the modern surface ( fig.4: I). The building is oriented with corners almost to the cardinal points. The walls of its pit were vertical, the well-rammed floor went down to the center, where there was an oval-shaped stone hearth with a diameter of 1.6 m. In the western corners of the dwelling there were round pits with a diameter of 1.3-1.8 m and a depth of 15-20 cm from the floor level. A subrectangular ledge 1.6 m wide was cleared near the southern corner, extending 0.7 m beyond the perimeter of the walls. Apparently this is the entrance to the dwelling. In the charcoal filling of the semi-dugout, a large amount of hand-made ceramics, the collapse of a narrow-necked pottery jug of the kantser type, a leg of a light clay amphora, fragments of a clay crucible with bronze scales, ceramic whorls, stone whetstones, an iron buckle, an iron cutter, a silver ring (Fig. 7: 1-17) ; 13:4,10, 13, 23)
8. p. Gamarnya, Kanevsky district, Cherkasy region 0.5 km west of the village, on the elevation of the first terrace of the left bank of the river. Rossava, in the Selyukovo ur., on an area of 300 x 50 m in 1979, molded Penkovskaya ceramics were collected.
9.10. With. Gerenzhenovka, Umansky district, Cherkasy region On the household plots of the western outskirts of the village, on the first floodplain of the left bank of the Umanka River (height 4-5 m) on an area of 200 x 50 m in 1979, stucco Penkovskaya pottery was found.
On the first left-bank terrace of the Umanka River, occupied by household plots, near the bridge and at the confluence of a nameless stream into the river, on an area of 200 x 40 m, in 1979, stucco Penkovskaya ceramics were collected.
11. Gorodetskoye village, Uman district, Cherkasy region. In the south-eastern part of the village, on the first terrace of the right bank of the Umanka River, occupied by household plots, in 1979 fragments of Penkovo ceramics were collected on an area of 200 x 40 m.
12. p. Gupalovka, Magdalenovsky district, Dnepropetrovsk region On the northern side of Lake Perevoloka, the expedition of D.Ya.Telegin in 1970 collected fragments of stucco Penkovskaya dishes.
13.14. With. Dakhnovka, Cherkasy district, Cherkasy region In the vicinity of the village, in the low areas of the right bank of the Dnieper River, washed out by the waters of the Kanev reservoir, the expedition of D.Ya.Telegin in 1980 discovered two locations with stucco pottery of the Penkovsky appearance.
15. p. Dezhki, Boguslavsky district, Kyiv region 2-2.5 km southeast of the village, on the right bank of the river. Ros in ur. Chornobaevka in 1960 R.V.Zabashta discovered a settlement with Chernyakhovsky and Penkovsky materials. A fragment of a silver zooanthropomorphic fibula stands out among the finds (Fig. 13: 1).
16. p. Zavadovka, Korsun-Shevchenkovsky district, Cherkasy region During the research of the Chernyakhovsky settlement in 1978 by the Historical and Technical Expedition led by V.I. Bidzili, Penkovsky semi-dugout No. 2 was excavated, which cut Chernyakhovsky half-dugout No. 1 with its southwestern side.
was subsquare in plan with rounded corners, measuring 3.7 x 3.5 m and a depth of 1.1 m from the modern surface (Fig. 5: 1). It is oriented to the cardinal points. Almost in the center of the floor there was a hearth, round in plan, 0.5 m in diameter. Another burning, 1 m long, was traced in the eastern corner. Between the southern wall of the pit and the central hearth, a household pit, round in plan, with a diameter of 0.7 m, was cleared. molded Penkovskaya dishes (Fig. 5: 2-7).
17. p. Kotovka, Magdalinovskiy district, Dnepropetrovsk region On the left bank of the river In 1970, D.Ya.Telegin's expedition traced the traces of the Penkovsky settlement in the form of accumulations of molded thick-walled ceramics.
18. p. Kochubeevka, Umansky district, Cherkasy region Early Penkovsky settlement near the village. Kochubeevka is located on the eastern outskirts of the village, in ur. Levada. It occupies two elevations of the first floodplain on the right bank of the river. Umanka up to 5 m high, gently descending to the swampy floodplain of the river. Elevated material in the form of stucco ceramics is found on an area of 500 x 100 m. 1600 sq.m, where 4 dwellings, 3 outbuildings, 8 outbuildings and 3 hearths outside buildings were found (Fig. 2).
Dwelling No. 1 was cleared in the northern part of the settlement, closer to the swampy floodplain of the river. It was a semi-square semi-dugout with rounded corners, 4.1 x 3.9 m in size and 1.1 m deep from the modern surface. The walls of its pit are vertical, the flat floor is leveled. Near the southeastern wall, closer to the eastern corner, there was an oval adobe hearth with a diameter of 0.8 m. Its surface was slagged in places. At the corners of the dwelling and in the center of each of the walls, oval or round pits were cleared from poles with a diameter of 10-20 cm. In the central part of the floor of the dugout there was the same pit with a diameter of 10 cm and a depth of 20 cm. 0.6 m from the southwestern wall of the pit , an oval utility pit with a diameter of 0.55 m and a depth of 0.25 m from the floor level was cleared (Fig. 4: 3). In the dark filling of this dwelling, a large amount of hand-made ceramics, a fragment of a gray-glazed Chernyakhov pottery bowl, an iron knife, an iron sickle, a link from a copper chain, pieces of iron slag, and a bone "polish" were found (Fig. 8: 7-15; 13)
Dwelling No. 2 was located 44 m southeast of semi-dugout No. 1. It was an almost square semi-dugout with rounded corners, 3.8 x 3.7 m in size and 1.1 m deep from the modern surface. It is oriented almost to the cardinal points. The walls of the pit are vertical, the flat floor is carefully leveled. In the eastern corner, at the level of the floor, there was a collapse of a stove-heater with an adobe hearth. Near the southern corner there was an oval ledge dug out to the floor level measuring 1.3 x 0.2 m. Large burnt stones were found in the ledge, apparently from the collapse of the furnace. In the central part of the floor there was a hole, round in plan, up to 20 cm in diameter and up to 20 cm deep. An economic hole 0.55 m in diameter and 0.25 m deep was cleared nearby. Its walls are vertical, the bottom is flat (Fig. 3: 4). Among the dark filling of dwelling No. 2, there was stucco Penkovskaya ceramics, a fragment of a pottery bottom from the neck of the Chernyakhovsky appearance, a bone piercing, a “burnished” from the ribs of large animals, an iron object of poor preservation (Fig. 8: 1-3, 5, 6)
Dwelling no. 2 3 was found at a distance of 22 m south of dwelling no. 2. It was a semi-square semi-dugout with rounded corners and a somewhat narrowed western side. The dimensions of the building are 4.7 x 5.3 m, the depth is 1 m from the modern surface. The dwelling is oriented almost to the cardinal points. The walls of its recessed part were vertical, the flat floor was leveled and well rammed. In the central part of the building, closer to the north-eastern corner, at the level of the floor, an adobe hearth of irregular outlines measuring 0.6 x 0.55 m was traced. Several burnt stones were found near it. At the corners of the pit and in the center of the northern and southern walls there were pits from vertical supports (20-30 cm in diameter and depth). Almost in the center of the building, a similar pit was cleared with a diameter and up to 20 cm deep. Closer to the southeastern corner, an economic pit of oval outlines with a diameter of 0.95 m and a depth of 0.35 m from the floor level was traced. Its walls are narrowed towards a flat bottom (Fig. 4: 4). Among the dark filling of dwelling No. 3, a lot of molded Penkovskaya ceramics, a rim from a pottery vessel of the Chernyakhovsky appearance, a fragment of a millstone, two iron knives, a bone "burnisher", etc. were found. (Fig. 8: 4; 9: 8, 9, 11, 12, 14-17; 13: 7, 8).
Dwelling No. 4 was traced at a distance of 44 m to the west of the previous building. It was a large semi-dugout close to a square with rounded corners measuring 6.2 x 5.6 m and a depth of 0.9-1 m from the modern surface. The building is oriented almost to the cardinal points. Its recessed part had vertical walls and a flat, well-packed floor. Two clay hearths were cleared at the floor level. The first was closer to the northern, and the second - to the southern wall. They are oval in plan with a diameter of 1.3 m. Between the hearths, approximately in the center of the building, there was an oval lenticular pit in plan, 1.1 m in diameter and 15 cm deep from the floor level (Fig. 4: 6). In the dark filling of this dwelling, there was a large amount of stucco Penkovskaya dishes, several clay biconic whorls, a stone whetstone, and "burnished" from the ribs of large animals (Fig. 9: 1-7, 10, 13, 15; 13)
Outbuilding N2 I was cleared 2.8 m east of dwelling No. 2. This is a recessed, sub-rectangular building with rounded corners, measuring 2.4 x 1.6 m and 1 m deep from the modern surface. The walls of its basin are vertical, the flat floor is leveled. The building is oriented with walls to the cardinal points. In its light filling, several Penkov shards and animal bones were found. Household building No. 2 2 was located at a distance of 12.5 m to the west of dwelling No. 2. Rectangular building with rounded corners, dimensions 3.9 x 2 m and a depth of 1 m from the modern surface. Its long axis is oriented from north to south. The earthen walls of the excavation were vertical, the flat floor lowered in a southerly direction. In the light filling of this building there were several molded shards and animal bones. Utility structure No. 2 3 was found 19.6 m southeast of dwelling No. 1. It is rectangular with rounded corners, 2.6 x 2 m in size and 1 m deep from the modern surface. The walls of its pit are vertical, the bottom is flat. The building is oriented with walls to the cardinal points. Several molded shards were found among its dark filling. Household building No. 4 was located at a distance of 1.5 m to the north of dwelling No. 4. It was an almost square semi-dugout with dimensions of 3.6 x 3.5 m and a depth of 0.9 m from the modern surface. The walls of her excavation were vertical, the floor was flat. A small hole 20 cm in diameter and 15 cm deep was cleared in the central part of the building. The utility hole was located closer to the southeast corner. It is oval in plan with a diameter of 0.6 m and a depth of 0.2 from the floor level. The walls of the pit are slightly narrowed towards a flat bottom. In the light filling of this structure there were several molded shards.
Pit No. 1 was cleared at a distance of 1.8 m to the southeast of the southern corner of dwelling No. 2. It is almost round in plan with a diameter of approx. 1 m and a depth of 1.3 m from the modern surface. Its walls narrowed to a flat bottom. No finds were found in the light filling of this pit. Pit No. 2 was located at a distance of 2 m from the western corner of dwelling No. 2. It is oval in plan with a large diameter of 1.35 m and a depth of 1 m from the modern surface. The walls of the recess are vertical, the bottom is flat. A stucco shard was found among its light filling. Pit No. 3 was at a distance of 1.3 m from the northern corner of dwelling No. 2. The depression was almost circular in plan, 1.4 m in diameter and 1.4 m deep from the modern surface. The walls of the pit narrowed to a flat bottom. In its light filling there were stucco shards and bones of animals. Pit No. 4 was located 1.5 m from the eastern corner of dwelling No. 2. It is oval in plan with a diameter of 1.9 m and a depth of 1.6 m from the modern surface. Its walls are slightly narrowed towards a flat bottom. In the light filling of this pit, stucco sherds and bones of animals were found. Pit No. 5 was located 2 m to the north-east of outbuilding No. 2. It is almost round in plan, 1.7 m in diameter and 1.2 m deep from the modern surface. The walls of the pit are slightly narrowed towards a flat bottom. Among the dark filling of the pit were stucco shards and animal bones. Pit No. b was found 17 m west of dwelling No. 4. It is oval in plan, 1.4 m in diameter and 1.3 m deep from the modern surface. Its walls narrowed to a flat bottom. A lot of molded Penkovo pottery was found in the dark filling of this depression. Pit No. 7 was traced 3 m south of utility structure No. 3. The depression is circular in plan, 0.8 m in diameter and 0.9 m deep from the present surface. Its walls are narrowed towards a flat bottom. Several molded shards were found in the pit. Pit No. 8 was located 14 m southwest of Pit No. 6. It is oval in plan with a diameter of 1.7 m and a depth of 0.6 m from the modern surface. Its walls are narrowed to a flat bottom. In the dark filling of the pit, molded Penkovskaya ceramics and a fragment of a granite millstone were found.
Hearth No. 1 was located 11 m north of dwelling No. 2, at a depth of 0.6 m from the modern surface. It was an almost round pavement of small stones with a diameter of approx. 0.8 m. On its surface was ash, coals and small Penkov scoops. Hearth No. 2 was cleared at a distance of 6 m southeast of dwelling No. 2, at a depth of approx. 0.6 m from the current surface. The pavement made of small stones had an elliptical shape with a large diameter of 0.9 m, on which there were coals and fragments of hemp ceramics. Hearth No. 3 was found 16.5 m southeast of dwelling No. 1, at a depth of 0.5 m from the modern surface. The clay vgostka was oval in plan with a diameter of 0.9 m.
An ancient ditch 0.8-1 m wide and 1.1-1.3 m deep from the modern surface was investigated for a length of more than 30 m. Its walls narrowed downwards. In the dark filling of the moat, there were individual Penkov shards. Most likely, it was dug up by the inhabitants of the Penkovsky settlement. It is possible that he separated households Nos. 1, 4 from households Nos. 2,3. A similar moat was discovered by us during excavations of an early medieval settlement near the village. Sakhnovki.
19. p. Krasnopolie, Magdalinsky district, Dnepropetrovsk region To the north-east of the village, on the shore of Lake Orelishche, in 1970, the expedition of D.Ya.Telegin found hand-made ceramics with an admixture of chamotte in the dough.
20. p. Limanovka, Zachepilovsky district, Kharkov region In the village above the estuary, on the right bank of the river. In 1970, D.Ya.Telegin's expedition in Aurélie collected rough molded ceramics and ancient Russian shards.
21. p. Maly Rzhavets, Kanevsky district, Cherkasy region In the center of the village, on the elevation of the first floodplain of the left bank of the river. Rossava in 1979 collected Penkovskaya stucco ceramics.
22. p. Mikhailovka, Tsarichansky district, Dnepropetrovsk region In 1970 D.Ya.Telegin's expedition collected stucco Slavic and Scythian ceramics and shards of the Bronze Age 500-800 m west of the Mezhevaya grave mound.
23.24. With. Novoselitsa, Chigirinsky district, Cherkasy region In the vicinity of the village of V.P. Grigoriev in 1981 discovered two sites with molded hemp ceramics. The first of them is located in ur. Panskoe. A bronze bracelet with extended ends was found here. The second settlement is located on the left bank of the river. Tyasmin, in ur. Nechaevo.
25. p. Nosachiv, Gorodishchensky district, Cherkasy region. On the arable field between the villages of Nosachov and Tsvetkovo I.P. Gurienko collected fragments of stucco hemp dishes.
26. p. Osipovka, Magdalinovsky district, Dnepropetrovsk region 1.5 km from the village, on the left bank of the river. Aurélie in ur. Beach Expedition of D.Ya.Telegin in 1972-1974, during the excavation of the settlement of the Bronze Age, investigated three quadrangular semi-dugouts (No. 1, 3, 9) and a yurt-shaped dwelling with stucco Penkov material.
Semi-dugouts were rectangular in plan with an area of 8-13 square meters and a depth of 1-1.6 m from the modern surface. At the floor level, closer to the center of the buildings, there were stone hearths (dwelling No. 3) or hearth spots. In dwelling No. 9, 2 hearth spots were traced. Near the entrance ledge of dwelling No. 3, wooden chopping blocks located at right angles to each other have been preserved. In the filling of these objects and in the cultural layer, molded Penkovskaya pottery was put on (Fig. 12: 1-13).
The yurt was an oval structure 4 x 2.8 m deepened into the ground 1.1 m from the modern surface. Traces of a hearth spot were traced in the center (Fig. 6: I). Among the dark filling of this structure, molded Penkovskaya ceramics and internal handles from clay cauldrons were found (Fig. 6: 2-14).
27. p. Pilyava, Kanevsky district, Cherkasy region On the territory of the village, on the first low floodplain of the right bank of the river. Rossava, in ur. Cerkovisko in 1979
On an area of 400 x 50 m, molded Penkovskaya ceramics and individual shards of Old Russian time were collected.
28-30. With. Half of the Kanevsky district of the Cherkasy region. In the vicinity of Chela in 1979, three Penkov settlements were discovered. On the first of them, located on the elevation of the first floodplain of the right bank of the Rossava near the bridge, molded Penkovskaya ceramics were collected on an area of 300 x 50 m. The second one is located 200 m upstream from the previous point, on the first right-bank floodplain, occupied by personal plots. There, on an area of 200 x 40 m, molded Penkovskaya ceramics were collected. The third is located upstream of the river, on the right-bank floodplain, occupied by personal plots. On an area of 100 x 50 m Penkovskaya ceramics were collected.
31. p. Sushki, Kanevsky district, Cherkasy region In I960, excavations of the Penkovsky village near the village were undertaken. Drying on the Left Bank of the Dnieper. It is located 1 km south of the village, on the right bank of the river. Orekhovki, in ur. Cossack horn, where the serpent shaft is located. The settlement occupies the first floodplain terrace of the river 0.7-1.5 m high, constantly washed away by the river. The excavations uncovered an area of approx. 150 sq.m., on which the remains of 5 dwellings, an outbuilding, 9 utility pits of the Penkovo culture and a pit (No. 5) of the Kyiv type culture were found.
Dwelling No. 1. Partially preserved remains of a semi-dugout are traced in the coastal cut-off under a serpentine rampart. Its northern corner with side dimensions of 1.4 and 1.2 m has been preserved;
mud. Modeled Penkovo pottery was found at the floor level (Fig. 11: 5).
Dwelling No. 2 was discovered on the line of a coastal cliff 110 m east of semi-dugout No. 1. Its northern part, 3 x 2.25 m in size and ca. I m from the modern surface. The structure is oriented by corners to the cardinal points. The walls of the boiler-van were vertical, the floor was flat. A cylindrical pit 1.5 m in diameter and 0.35 m deep from the floor level was cleared in the eastern corner. The second pit was located closer to the center of the dwelling, at a distance of 1 m from the northern corner. It is oval in plan with a diameter of 0.6 m and a depth of 0.1 m from the floor level. Its walls are vertical, the bottom is flat. In the dark filling of this building, a large amount of molded Penkovo ceramics was found, sometimes with a molded roller under the rim. Among other finds, attention is drawn to an iron chisel and a ceramic spinner (Fig. 11: 9; 13). Dwelling No. 3 was found on the line of the shore cut 19 m east of semi-dugout No. 2. Its northern part, 2.9 x 1.25 x 1.25 m in size, was preserved, which was oriented by the walls to the cardinal points. The leveled floor, with traces of clay undercoat, was located at a depth of 1.4 m from the modern surface. In the surviving part of the building, three utility pits, oval in plan, with a diameter of 0.35 to 0.65 m and a depth of 0.1-0.25 m from the floor level, were cleared. Large and small burnt stones lay on the floor, and along the northern wall of the pit there was a depression 0.2 m wide. It is possible that this is a trace of the lower log of the log walls of the semi-dugout. In the black filling of this semi-dugout, molded Penkovskaya ceramics, ceramic slags, and a bronze ring with curled ends were found (Fig. 11: 9: 13: 2).
Dwelling no. 4 was found in the eastern part of the settlement, separated by a recently formed inflow. The semi-dugout is quadrangular in plan with dimensions of 4.4 x 3.9 m and a depth of 0.9 m from the modern surface. It is oriented to the cardinal points. The floor is scribbled and smeared with glia. In the corners and in the center of each of the walls of the pit, pits were cleared from the wooden supports of the frame walls. They are oval or round in plan with a diameter of approx. 0.3 m and a depth of 0.1-0.6 m from the floor level. In the north-eastern part of the building there was a utility pit, round in plan, with a diameter of 0.3 m and a depth of 0.15 m from the floor level. Near the south-western wall, at the level of the floor, an oval adobe oven with a diameter of 0.6 m was cleared. Stones from the oven dismantled in antiquity are scattered on the floor (Fig. 4: 2). In the filling of dwelling No. 4 there was molded Penkovskaya ceramics and a fragment of a round glass "eyed" bead (Fig. 11: 6-8)
Dwelling No. 5 was cleared at the base of the rampart, 25 m northwest of dwelling No. 1. The semi-dugout was square in terms of shape, 4 x 4 m in size and 1 m deep from the modern surface. It is oriented by the walls to the cardinal points. In the north-eastern corner, in a small depression, an adobe hearth with low sides, an oval in plan with a diameter of 1.1 m, was found. Closer to the south side of the building, a round-shaped household pit with a diameter of 1.4 m and a depth of 0.1 m was cleared. Among the finds from this dwelling, stucco ceramics from the Early Penkov period predominated (Fig. 10: 1-5).
Outbuilding No. 1 was located 12 m to the west of dwelling No. 2, on the line of the coastal edge. Only its northern oval side, measuring 2 x 1.25 m, has been preserved. The floor, located at a depth of 1.35 m from the modern surface, has been leveled and lightly smeared with clay. At the western wall there was a household pit, round in plan, with a diameter of 0.5 m and a depth of 0.3 m. Its walls were vertical, the bottom was flat. At a distance of 0.4 m from the center of the northern side of the pit, there was a square hole from the stob with dimensions of 0.2 and 0.2 m and a depth of 0.3 m from the floor level. Stucco Penkovskaya pottery was found in the filling of the building.
Pit No. 1 was excavated on the line of the shoreline, 57 m east of dwelling No. 1. Judging by the surviving part, it was round in plan with a diameter of 1.25 m and a depth of 1.4 m from the modern surface. In the dark filling of this pit, there were several molded shards and animal bones. Pit No. 2 was cleared on the shoreline 19 m east of Pit No. 1. The depression is circular in plan, 1 m in diameter and 1.25 m deep from the modern surface. Its walls narrowed slightly towards the lenticular bottom. Several molded shards were found in the infill. Pit No. 3 was found 2 m north of dwelling No. 2. It is oval in plan with a large diameter of 1.3 m and a depth of 1.5 m from the modern surface. Its walls are vertical, the bottom is flat. Modeled shards and bones of animals were found in the filling. Pit No. 4 was located 25 m northeast of dwelling No. 1. It was cylindrical in shape, 1 m in diameter and 1.4 m deep from the modern surface. Several molded shards were found in the filling. Pit No. 6 was found 1.2 m northeast of Pit No. 5. It is cylindrical, 0.6 m in diameter and 1.3 m deep from the present level. There were small molded shards in the filling. Pit No. 7 was located 0.6 m northwest of Pit No. b. Cylindrical recess with a diameter of 1.3 m and a depth of 1.1 m from the modern surface. Small stucco shards were found in the filling. Pit No. 8 was located on the northern side of dwelling No. 5. It is oval in plan with a large diameter of 1.7 m and a depth of 1.1 m from the modern surface. The recess had vertical walls and a flat bottom. There were several molded shards in the filling. Pit No. 9 was traced 0.1 m east of Pit No. 8. It is cylindrical in plan with a diameter of 1.7 m and a depth of 1.2 m from the modern surface. Several molded shards lay on its flat floor. Pit No. 10 was found at a distance of 2.7 m to the east of Pit No. 9. The depression is oval in plan with a large diameter of 1.1 m and a depth of 1.25 m from the modern surface. Several molded shards were found in the filling.
Hearth No. 1 was near the water, under a sod layer to the east of dwelling No. 4. An oval stone pavement with a diameter of approx. 1 m was at a depth of 0.2 m from the eroded surface.
Iron-smelting furnace No. 1 was located near the rampart, on the line of the coastal edge 22 m north-west of dwelling No. 5. Remains of slag adobe walls and pieces of iron slag were preserved from it, which were at a depth of 0.3-0.5 m from modern surface. In the center of the collapse, at a depth of 0.5 m, traces of severe burning of the soil are visible. It is most likely that the forge was destroyed during the construction of the serpent shaft.
32. p. Trushki, Belotserkovsky district, Kyiv region In the funds of the Belotserkovsky Museum of Local Lore there is a stucco biconical pot with a bumpy surface and admixtures of gruss in the dough (Fig. 11: 16). It was found by local residents in the vicinity of the village. Trushki.
33-34. Uman, Uman district, Cherkasy region In its vicinity, intelligence in 1979 discovered two Penkov settlements. The first of them is located on the territory of the Zvenigorod suburb, on the right bank of the river. Palenki when owning the Kotlomyevka stream in it, ur. Butok. On the site of the floodplain up to 3 m high, occupied by personal plots on an area of 150 x 40 m, stucco Penkovskaya ceramics were collected. 1.5 km southeast of the Uman crushed stone plant, on the right bank of the Umanka River, adjacent to a swampy meadow, on an area of 150 x 40 m, molded Penkovskaya ceramics are found. A large settlement with materials of the Luka-Raikovetskaya culture adjoins the Penkovsky settlement.
35. p. Tsarychanka, Tsarychanka district, Dnepropetrovsk region 1 km southeast of the oil depot, on the right bank of the river. In 1960, the expedition of DYa.Telegin in Aurélie found coarse molded Slavic ceramics while digging the area.
36. p. Tsybli Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky district, Kyiv region On the territory of an abandoned village, on both sides of the stone church, in the cliffs of the left bank of the river. Dnieper (up to 3 m high) in 1980, a large amount of stucco Penkovskaya ceramics was collected.
Notes
1. Berezovets D.T. Street settlements on the Tyasmine River // MIA. No. 108. 1963. S. 145-
208; Linka N.V., Shovkoplyas A.M. Early Slavic settlement on the river Tyasmin // MFA. No. 108. S. 234-242.
2. Berezovets D.T. Decree op. pp. 186-192.
3. Tretyakov P.N. Finno-Ugric peoples, Balts and Slavs on the Dnieper and Volga. M.-L.,
1966. S.244-247; Sedov V.V. Origin and early history of the Slavs. M., 1979.C. 119-133.
4. Smshenko A.T. The words "yani and ix exist in the steppe Podshprov" (II-XIII centuries)
Kshv, 1975. S.71-103.
5. Rutkovskaya L.M. On the stratigraphy and chronology of the ancient settlement near the village. Stetsovki on the river Tyasmine // Early Medieval Eastern European Antiquities. L., 1974. S. 32-39.
6. Rutkovskaya L.M. Decree op. pp. 22-39; Goryunov E.A. Some questions of the history of the Dnieper forest-steppe Left Bank in the V - early VIII centuries. // SA. 1973. No. 4. S. 99-112.
7. Prikhodnyuk O.M. Archaeological monuments of the "Yatki of the Middle Transnshrov" I "XIX century A.D. Kshv, I960. S. 12-71.
8. Prikhodnyuk O.M. Words "yani on Podilli (VI-VII century AD) Kshv, 1975. S. 36.
9. Pletneva S.A. From nomads to cities. M., 1967. S. 57.
10. Beletsky V.D. Dwellings of Sarkel - Belaya Vezha. MIA. No. 75. 1959. S. 41-42.
11. Rusanova I.P. Slavic antiquities of the 6th-7th centuries. M., 1976. P.36.
12. Prikhodnyuk O.M. UK. Archaeological memorial "yatki ... P.71.
13. Teyral J. Morawa na sklonku antiku. Praha, 1982, s. 90, tabl. 28:5.
14. Berezovets D.T. Burial grounds near the valleys of the Tyasmina River //
Kshv, 1969. S. 66. Fig. 2, 2; Bohme H.W. Germanische Grabfunde des 4. bis 5. Jahrhuhderts. Munchen, 1974, S. 81, Taf. 79:13.
15. Khavlyuk P.I. Early Slavic settlements in the basin of the Southern Bug // Early medieval East Slavic antiquities. L.,
16. Rikman E.A., Rafalovich I.A., Khynku I.G. Essays on the history of culture of Moldova. Kishinev, 1971. P. 64. Fig. 9, 6;
It is very possible that the remains of the yurt are a building from Zavadovka, where during the research of the Chernyakhovsky settlement, Penkovsky buildings came across. The investigated object was an oval ground-type structure, from which, at a depth of 0.3 m from the modern surface, a closed ditch was preserved, outlining an area measuring 7 x 10 m. The width of the ditch was 0.4-0.45 m, the depth was 5-7 cm from the level of the mainland. With one side, he cut the collapse of the clay coating, accompanied by Chernyakhovsky ceramic material. No finds were found within the contoured area.
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………. Chapter 1. The Upper Dnieper during the Formation of the Old Russian State………………………………………………………………………… 1.1. Upper Dnieper in the pre-Christian era……………………….. 1.2. Upper Dnieper and Podvinye in the 9th century……………………………. 1.3. The first stage of the politogenesis of the Upper Dnieper region: the end of the 9th - the middle of the 10th centuries………………………………………………………………………………….. 1.4. The second stage of the politogenesis of the Upper Dnieper region: the second half of the X - the first half of the XI in………………………………………………………………. Chapter 2. The role and significance of the Gnezdovsky settlement in the history of the Upper Dnieper region……………………………………………………………………….. 2.1. History of Gnezdovo in the period from IX - XI centuries………………………………… 2.2. Economic and political role of Gnezdov in the history of the Upper Dnieper and the Old Russian state……………………………………. Chapter 3 ......................................... Conclusion…………………… ………………………………………………….. List of sources used………………………….………….......... Appendix ………………………………………………………………………List of terms used………………………….…………..... ..... |
Introduction
In studies devoted to the early stages of the formation of the Old Russian state, the Gnezdovsky archaeological complex received the status of a monument of special scale and significance. It includes a burial mound with more than 2,500 mounds, two settlements and an extensive settlement. The results of studies of more than 1,100 mounds and a settlement, the area of excavated areas of which is approximately 6,000 square meters. m, serve as the most important source for solving debatable problems of the ethnic and social history of Ancient Rus'.
In the studies of the Gnezdovsky settlement, special attention was paid to such issues as the ethnic composition of the population living in it, which left the largest early medieval burial mound in Eastern Europe; the nature of the settlement and its place in the formation of the socio-political structure of the Old Russian state in the Upper Dnieper region; the chronological framework of its existence; the nature of Gnezdov's contacts with Northern Europe, the Middle Dnieper, the Muslim East, as well as the West Slavic lands and Baltic tribes.
For a long time, the only source for studying the main aspects of the history of Gnezdov were materials from barrow excavations and other archeological data. Despite the fact that the first work on the Gnezdovsky settlement was carried out at the beginning of the century, however, until the 60s of the XX century. they were episodic. And only from 1967 to the present, work on the Gnezdovsky settlement has been carried out almost annually.
The relevance of the topic of the work is to show the historical significance of the Gnezdovsky settlement not only for the Smolensk Dnieper region, but also for the northern regions of Belarus bordering this region, as well as the Upper Dvina region. These areas, in addition to the specifics of the historical and cultural borderlands, themselves form a certain system, have a certain cultural and ethnic unity. The peculiarity of the outlined area lies in the fact that, due to the presence of the main river routes (Dnieper, Western Dvina, Luchesa, Kasplya, etc.), it connected these areas, which were destined to play an exceptional role in the fate of the Eastern Slavs.
The purpose of this work is to consider the Gnezdovsky archaeological complex, dating back to the era of the Slavic colonization of the Upper Dnieper, as well as the features of functioning in the 9th-11th centuries. "Roads from the Varangians to the Greeks", as one of the determining factors in the early medieval history of the Upper Dnieper and Dvina regions.
The following tasks are solved in the work:
1. Study of the stages of politogenesis on the territory of the Upper Dnieper, starting from the pre-Christian era and ending with the first half of the 11th century.
2. The study of the reasons for the transformation of Gnezdovo from an ordinary rural settlement into a trade and craft center of the Upper Dnieper and Dvina regions.
3. Consideration of the economic and political role of the Gnezdovsky settlement in the history of the Upper Dnieper and the Old Russian state.
The main object of research is the Gnezdovsky archaeological complex, the attention to which in domestic and European science is increasing.
The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the Upper Dnieper region does not belong to areas that have been studied in detail archaeologically. Until now, the archaeological material accumulated over a century has not been fully systematized. The antiquities of the Smolensk, Vitebsk, Mogilev and Gomel Dnieper regions were studied by many famous scientists, but often separately (Sizov V.I., Lyavdansky A.N., Schmidt E.A., Lyapushkin I.I., Avdusin D.A., Zharnov Yu .E., Pushkina T.A., etc.), and the conclusions of their studies were sometimes diametrically opposed; for example, there is still no consensus on whether Gnezdovo is the proto-city of Smolensk. Therefore, it is necessary to draw up a unified archaeological map of the region and introduce into a single scientific circulation all the material studied over the past decades.
Methodologically, the work is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and value approach. In preparing the work, the following methods of historical knowledge were used: historical-comparative, historical-typological, logical, chronological, statistical.
Scientific search in the study of this problem was complex. The reliability of the results obtained is ensured by a comprehensive analysis of the studied facts, their comparison with other scientific materials and comparison of the results with previously known results.
The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the obtained results, conclusions and generalizations in the study of issues on the history of the development of the Upper Dnieper region by the Slavic tribes, the formation of the Old Russian state in this region.
The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used, applications and a list of terms used.
Chapter 1
Upper Dnieper in the pre-Christian era
The region of the Upper Dnieper (another name is the Upper Dnieper and Podvinye) is located in a strip of hills between the river basins of the Black and Baltic Seas (the Dnieper with the Pripyat, the Western Dvina and the Neman). Irrigated by the Volga and Oka river networks, its eastern edge captures the northwestern corner of the Central Russian Upland.
To the north, the terrain is lacustrine, hilly, with its typical moraine landscape; endless, swampy, impassable, original lowlands and bogs of Polissya stretch to the southwest, and wide, slightly wavy plateaus with a landscape of Central Russian non-chernozem areas stretch to the southeast and east. The infertile, clayey-sandy soil of the Upper Dnieper region contributed to the accumulation of forest wealth and swamp formations here, but did not favor agriculture, and the absence of particularly valuable mineral wealth did not contribute to the development of mining.
On the other hand, its convenient geographical position made it an important intermediate link in trade relations between the north and southwest. That is why the significance of the Upper Dnieper region from the very beginning of ancient Russian history was mainly political, and the economic significance of individual cities and settlements was reduced to the trade of goods coming from abroad, in exchange for goods of local production.
Before the settlement of the Upper Dnieper and Dvina Slavs, its territory was inhabited, in all likelihood, by the eastern Baltic tribes, mainly Lithuanians. The fact is that in the Podvinye there are grave mounds in which coffins are made of stone slabs; the same mounds are found in the western strip of the Minsk region and from there they pass into the Grodno region. There is reason to believe that these stone graves are of Lithuanian origin, since the Slavs did not use grave materials other than earth and wood for graves. Then, many names of rivers and lakes in the Upper Dnieper and Podvinye are of Lithuanian origin. Finally, one Lithuanian tribe (Galicdy or golyad) lived in the eastern borders of Smolensk and in part of the Kaluga regions of Russia as early as the 12th century.
But the Lithuanians also came to the Upper Dnieper region, finding this area already inhabited by Finnish tribes. The fact of Finnish settlements is proved by the fact that the names of most rivers and lakes are explained from the Finnish language, with suffixes - va, - ma, - ha, - ra, - sa, - sha, - for (for example, Vyazma, Obsha, Kostra, Nasva , Protva, etc.). Thus, in the Upper Dnieper and Dvina regions, the Finns, Lithuanians, and then the Slavs were successively replaced. But the small space between the Dnieper and the Pripyat, cut through by the Berezina River, bears no traces of either Finnish or Lithuanian settlements: all the names of the localities here are of a purely Slavic origin. Obviously, the Slavs who settled here did not find any inhabitants.
The territory of the Upper Dnieper, currently occupied by four Belarusian regions - Vitebsk, Gomel, Minsk and Mogilev, and the Russian - Smolensk region in the era of the formation of the ancient Russian state was inhabited by three Slavic tribes - Krivichi, Dregovichi and Radimichi. The last tribe, the smallest, lived along the banks of the Sozh River. The Dregovichi lived along the Pripyat River, and their settlements filled the space between this river and the Dnieper River in the east, limited in the north by the line from the Dnieper to Minsk, and to the west - along the line from Minsk through the upper reaches of the Neman and further through the Pinsk swamps back to Pripyat. The Krivichi occupied the northern and eastern parts of the Upper Dnieper and the entire Dvina region (from the Dregovitsky borders in the south and the Novgorod borders in the north); from the upper reaches of the Western Dvina and Volga rivers, the borders of the Krivitsky tribe went south, capturing part of the current Tver region, the western parts of the Moscow region and the entire Smolensk region, approaching the Dnieper along the northern part of the Mogilev region.
The process of this colonization by the Slavs of these lands began in the 6th-7th centuries, when their tribes moved from their homeland, which lay between the Carpathians, the middle Vistula and the upper Pripyat, through Volyn to the space between the Pripyat and the Dnieper. Creepers were ahead. Settled next to Lithuania, they pushed it back, perhaps under the pressure of the Dregovichi following them. The Krivichi did not stop in the Podvinye and went further, founding the cities of Novgorod, Pskov, Izborsk, Smolensk among the Finnish tribes.
Already in historical times, the Krivitsky tribe developed its colonization further east - in the Volga region; thus, it is one of the main elements in the formation of the Great Russian tribe (the population of Pskov, part of Novgorod and the western parts of the Tver, Moscow and Ryazan principalities).
Very little information has been preserved about the pre-Christian period in the history of the Krivichi, Dregovichi and Radimichi, and it can be judged from those monuments of life that have been preserved in the burial mounds. Excavations, first of all, show that these tribes, despite their mutual proximity, had their own special customs. This is reflected in the forms of the funeral rite. The Krivichi preferred the burning of their dead and placed urns with their ashes in mounds. The Dregovichi buried the dead in the soil layer and sometimes made coffins of a very primitive design.
Judging by the items that have been preserved in the mounds, the population was engaged in agriculture, hunting and trade. In general, these were not warlike tribes, since the finds of weapons in mounds are very rare; a peaceful person did not consider it necessary to take weapons with him to the next world. On the other hand, merchants with scales and with a weight stone are more often found in barrow finds. The objects of the kurgan period already point to the relatively high culture of its inhabitants, who led a sedentary lifestyle. In addition to agriculture, they widely developed cattle breeding, they knew weaving, cooperage, pottery and jewelry.
The Krivichi paid much attention to the manufacture of various ornaments. Thus, women decorated their necks with a necklace consisting of beads (glass, carnelian, amethyst, bronze, silver, etc.) and various pendants, the composition of which is distinguished by intricate shapes and patterns. Hands and temples were decorated with rings and bracelets made of silver, bronze, iron and glass. In general, the quantity and quality of decorations was such that it indicated the relatively greater prosperity of the population of this era.
Some of the decorations, most likely, were obtained through trade with the peoples of the North Caucasus and the Volga region, some are local production. All this points to the high aesthetic demands of the then inhabitant of the Upper Dnieper region.
It is interesting that some household items that were used at that distant time, the population of Belarus and the western regions of Russia have preserved even now; such, for example, is the shape of the ornaments of earthenware vessels.
Some of the customs of that time are indicated by objects found in burial mounds. For example, it is known that the cups from which the heroes of the Russian epic drink wine and honey are called "buckets". This is not an accidental hyperbole, since small wooden buckets with silver handles are found in the Dregovichi burial mounds, which served as the “charm of green wine” used at feasts.
The mounds also show that a complex ritual was used during the burial, indicating the development of religious beliefs. Silent mounds even in this case make it possible to compare the views of that time with modern beliefs: for example, fire from the hearth was brought to the grave of the deceased in clay vessels.
Thus, already in the era of the formation of the Russian state and the adoption of Christianity, the tribes of the Krivichi and Dregovichi who inhabited the Upper Dnieper region were far from primitive savages.
Upper Dnieper in the 9th century
The Upper Dnieper and Podvinye are a special historical and cultural region, which was one of the centers of the formation of the ancient Russian state.
In view of the fact that written sources cover the history of this region extremely sparingly, therefore, the main sources for solving the problems of early politogenesis in the Upper Dnieper and Podvinye are archaeological data.
In the 9th century, this territory looks homogeneous in ethnocultural terms, representing the eastern part of the main area of the culture of the Smolensk long mounds of the 8th-10th centuries. (hereinafter - KSDK). Researchers identify the carriers of this archaeological culture with the Krivichi, since the range of the KSDK fits well into the framework of the territory in which they lived.
In the Upper Dnieper and Dvina regions, it has not yet been possible to confidently identify any “tribal center” or “centers” of the KSDK carriers, especially if we mean archaeological complexes that include fortified settlements. Thus, expressive materials of the KSDK have not been found on numerous settlements in the Smolensk region, although there is evidence of the episodic use by this population of some "towns" of earlier eras, probably as shelters. In particular, there is no good reason to assert that Smolensk arose as a "tribal center" of the Krivichi, since in the historical center of modern Smolensk there is no cultural layer or separate complexes related to this culture. The Gnezdovsky archaeological complex, which will be discussed later, is entirely associated with the early stage of Old Russian culture and is not directly related to the KSDK.
It should also be noted that the materials of the KSDK burials do not allow us to characterize the Krivichi society as stratified. Nevertheless, some property differentiation within the communities apparently took place: against the general background, a number of relatively “rich” burials stand out with rare imported decorations and even silverware - for example.
The Upper Dnieper and Dvina regions in the 9th century were not an isolated region. During this period, two main directions of foreign economic relations of the local population are distinguished. One of them, probably, was the "latitudinal", which connected this region through the Middle Dvina with the South-Eastern Baltic, primarily with Latgale. According to this, relatively speaking, Dvina path, various jewelry made of copper alloys was brought to the Krivichi, especially massive cast hryvnias and bracelets. It is possible that this trade spread further to the east, to the Oka basin. Another important direction of foreign trade was the “southeast”, which connected the Upper Dnieper region with the northern regions of the Khazar Khaganate, from which came various jewelry, costume details and horse harness made of copper alloys, as well as glass beads and, possibly, silver in a small amount. It can be argued that the northwestern part of the Upper Dnieper was the periphery of the zone of economic interests of the Khazar Khaganate.
There are single, but fairly reliable data that allow us to assert that in the 9th century the Scandinavians began to penetrate and settle there in the Dnieper-Dvina interfluve (but not on the left bank of the Dnieper). At least one reliable Scandinavian burial of that time is known, excavated in the burial mound Shishkino (Gorodok) on the Tsarevich River in the Dnieper basin. Equal-shouldered fibula found in it, bronze buttons of the Saltov circle and a set of glass beads confirm just such a dating of the complex.
Another important source is the well-known treasure near the village of Kislaya, Smolensk region, which, with the youngest coin of 837/838, included the so-called Hedeby semi-bracteate, which indicates at least the participation of the Scandinavians in the formation of these treasures. To date, this is the only 9th-century treasure known in the region.
It can be assumed that the first groups of Scandinavians, penetrating the Dnieper-Dvina interfluve and trying (sometimes successfully) to gain a foothold there for a long time, were attracted not so much by the prospect of further voyages to the south of Eastern Europe and to Byzantium, but by the opportunity to get involved in the trade of the local Slavic population with the Khazar Khaganate.
Slavs and Russ in the Middle Dnieper: Acquaintance
Bright signs of a settled population appeared in the basin of the Seversky Donets, Oskol and Don only at the turn of the 7th - 8th centuries. The interval between these periods is the end of the 4th - 7th centuries. (the time of the Great Migration of Nations and immediately after it) is the darkest archeologically in the history of South-Eastern Europe, which was a kind of "ethnic cauldron". It is almost impossible to determine the ethnicity of rare settlements and burials: the origins of some items are found in the Baltic States, others in the cities of the Black Sea region, and still others in the Sarmatian-Alanian environment. In any case, catacomb burials, characteristic of the forest-steppe variant of the Saltovskaya culture, which could be dated with certainty to the 5th-7th centuries, are unknown in this area.
And the climatic conditions of this region, in particular the Dnieper region, at the end of the 4th - beginning of the 6th century. were unsuitable for life. At the end of the IV century. a sharp cooling began (the coldest was in the 5th century), it became damp and swampy. Therefore, it is not necessary to wait for large finds of this time.
But in this case, stationary craft settlements. A direct genetic connection can be traced between Saltov polished ceramics and pottery of the 6th-7th centuries. the so-called "pastoral" and "cancer" types. The settlements of potters in the Middle and Lower Dnieper - Pastorskoye settlement, Balka Kantserka, Stetsovka, chronologically and territorially fitting into the Slavic Penkov culture, were undoubtedly of a different ethnicity.
Penkovskaya culture belongs to the area of distribution of Slavic Prague ceramics. This pottery got its name from the places of the first finds - in the Czech Republic and in the Zhytomyr region (Korchak settlement). The Slavs made dishes only for household and ritual needs. Pottery usually did not go beyond the village, not to mention the sale to other regions. The Slavs did not know the potter's wheel, and if circular pots and jugs appeared in some Slavic culture, this meant the arrival of some other ethnic group. After the collapse of the union of the Slavs with this people, the art of the potter's wheel was forgotten as unnecessary.
And the main type of Prague-Korczak ceramics is high stucco pots with a truncated-conical body, slightly narrowed neck and short rim. On most of the dishes there is no ornament. Only occasionally there are pots with oblique notches along the upper edge of the rim. This pottery is typical for all Slavs in the period after the Great Migration and before the formation of the Slavic states. Although later, when pottery workshops were in full swing in the cities, traditional pots continued to be molded in the villages. Such was the ceramics of the Baltic Slavs, and the Danube, and the Adriatic, and the Dnieper.
The Penkovo culture extended into the 5th–7th centuries. from the Lower Danube to the Seversky Donets. But unlike the more western Slavs, the Penkovites did not know mounds (urn and pit cremation dominated) and temporal rings, by which groups of Slavs are usually distinguished. It is believed that these features were inherited by the Penkovites from the Slavs of the Chernyakhov culture, who were influenced by two centuries of communication with the Goths, Sarmatians, Dacians, Celts, Alans and other inhabitants of the Northern Black Sea region of the 2nd - 4th centuries. n. e.
Penkovskaya culture
The cultural layer in all the settlements of the Slavs is very insignificant. This means that the period of operation of each settlement was short-lived. Obviously, this is due to the turbulent situation at that time. Slavic tribes in the 5th - 7th centuries appeared on the historical arena as warriors who disturbed the borders of Byzantium, and it is known that the inhabitants of the Dnieper region also participated in these campaigns. In addition, the slash-and-burn system of agriculture, which was then practiced by the Slavs, required frequent relocations to new places (after the depletion of the soil).
The building of Slavic settlements, as well as almost everywhere, is unsystematic, there are no fortifications. But not only Slavs lived in this territory. Usually finger-like and anthropomorphic brooches (clasps for raincoats) are called an indicator of the Penkovo culture. They were produced, according to a number of scientists, at the Pastirsky settlement in the Dnieper region.
The Slavs, as you know, before the adoption of Christianity, the dead were burned. But such fibulae have not been found in reliable burials with cremations. But they are found in burials according to the rite of inhumation. Such dead were buried stretched out on their backs, with their heads to the northwest, with their arms lying along the torso. Finger brooches are located on the humerus - where the cloak was. It is clear that the burial rite is pagan, but not Slavic. However, near the deceased, as a rule, a stucco Slavic pot with posthumous food is found!
In general, cloaks with curly fasteners were very popular among the peoples who lived on the border with the Roman Empire and experienced its influence, especially on the Danube. The Danubian origins of many pastoral decorations, including brooches, are indisputable. The German scientist I. Werner notes the genetic connection of the finger brooches of the Dnieper region with the brooches of the Crimean Goths, Gepids and the South Danube Germanic groups on the Byzantine territory, noting that the "Germanic" brooches were paired and belonged to women's clothing. A. G. Kuzmin connects the pit burials in the Penkovskaya territory, in the inventory of which there are such brooches, with the Danube rugs, some of which, after the defeat of the Huns, went with them to the Dnieper region.
Finger brooches with a mask-like head (monuments of the Northern Black Sea region)
Further, finger brooches, already in the Dnieper form, spread to the Lower and especially the Middle Danube, within the framework of the so-called Avar culture (it is associated with the arrival of the Avars and the emergence of the Avar Khaganate), penetrate into the Balkans and the Peloponnese Peninsula, as well as in the Masurian Lake District and the South Eastern Baltic. At least, in the Middle Danube, these brooches fall along with the Penkov corpses. The area of their distribution coincides with the localization of the Rugiland region and numerous toponyms with the root rug, ruz. Now there is a theory about the origin of the name "Rus" from the ethnonym "rugi". However, it is now impossible to determine the name of the people who buried the dead with Slavic vessels and in cloaks with brooches. Moreover, written evidence of the habitation of the rugs on the Dnieper in the 5th - 6th centuries. n. e. no.
Earrings and temporal rings of the Danube type
But the craftsmen who created these products had nothing to do with the Goths or Rugs, or with the Slavs, or with those who left the Penkovo corpses. In addition to the pottery workshops, Pastyrskoye Settlement contained four yurt-like ground buildings and six semi-dugouts, also of non-Slavic origin (hearths in the center instead of traditional Slavic stoves in the corner of the house). All these dwellings have analogies in the residential buildings of the Mayatsky complex of the Saltovskaya culture. Similar buildings are typical for other pottery settlements of the Dnieper region of that time (Osipovka, Stetsovka, Lug I, Budishche, etc.). V. S. Flerov considers all the yurt-like dwellings of the Middle Dnieper region to belong to the Proto-Bulgarians.
But at settlements such as Stetsovka, ceramics were found not of the Azov, but of the “Alanian” type. The presence of yurt-shaped dwellings here, and not the classical half-dugouts of the forest-steppe variant of the Saltov culture, is simply explained: the principle of building half-dugouts was borrowed by the inhabitants of the forest-steppe from the Slavs of the Dnieper region, which is recognized by almost all archaeologists. The disappearance of yurt-like premises among the Saltov people of the forest-steppe is also natural. According to the research of V. S. Flerov himself, such dwellings are a transitional type, characteristic of the period of adaptation to settled life. This is quite natural for a people who spent more than two centuries in the upheavals of the Great Migration and previously led a semi-nomadic lifestyle.
The molded pottery of these centers, which was not produced for sale, is also very different from the Slavic and has a clear genetic connection with the Sarmatian pots and ceramics of the complexes of the steppe south, and this form continued to exist in the molded dishes of the Saltov forest-steppe. In the Slavic Penkov settlements, the share of ceramics of the "pastoral" type is very small - less than 1 percent. Apparently, the Slavs did not represent the best market for pastoral masters. But among the steppe peoples, mainly Sarmatian-Alans, ceramics were a success. Analogues of pastoral pottery were found not only in the Saltov settlement, but also in Moldova and Bulgaria (in Pliska).
The name of the bearers of the Penkovo culture has long been known. These are Antes, well known to the Byzantines and Goths from the events of the 6th - early 7th centuries. The largest historians of that time - Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes, Theophylact Simokatta - note that the Antes used the same language as the Sclavins (a more western group of Slavs), had the same customs, life, beliefs with them. But at the same time, the Byzantines somehow distinguished the sklavin from the ant even among the mercenaries of the empire. This means that the Ants still had ethnographic features. Obviously, the very name "Antes" is non-Slavic. Most scientists now produce it from Iranian dialects (ant - "marginal"). Many later names of Slavic tribes from the Dnieper to the Adriatic are also Iranian at the core: Croats, Serbs, northerners, Tivertsy. With regard to the Croats and Serbs, later borrowings are impossible: in the 7th - 8th centuries. these tribal unions for the most part were already on the Balkan Peninsula. Therefore, the search for Iranian elements in the Penkovo culture, which belonged to the Ants, became logical.
The existence of pottery workshops within its boundaries, archaeologically connected with the Sarmatian-Alanian environment, allowed V.V. Sedov to talk about the formation of the Antian tribal union on the basis of a certain “assimilated Iranian-speaking population”, which remained from the time of the Chernyakhov culture. But just the assimilation of this Iranian element is not traced (one can only talk about their peaceful coexistence with the Slavs). Pastoral polished ceramics has a direct connection not with the Chernyakhov, but with the Azov and Crimean forms of the 2nd-6th centuries. n. e. Unfortunately, the source base is insufficient for a more complete characterization of the "pastoral culture".
Genetically related to it is the later "cancer type" of pottery polished ceramics. It has become widespread in Nadporozhye and along the Tyasmina. Its chronological framework is the subject of a separate discussion. The Ukrainian archaeologist A. T. Smilenko dated the Kantser settlement with the second half of the VI - the beginning of the VIII century using the archeomagnetic method. T. M. Minaeva, by analogy in the North Caucasus, shifted the chronological framework higher: VIII - early IX century. I. Krasilnikov drew attention to the identity of the pottery workshops of Kantserka and the Mayatsky complex, which allowed them to date Kantserka to the end of the 8th century, thus linking this settlement with the “expansion of the Khazar Khaganate”.
Indeed, there is no doubt that the pottery complexes of the “stationary type” belonged to Alan. But there is also no need to revise the date of these settlements established by the physical method. The lower dating of the forest-steppe complexes of the Saltovskaya culture has always been associated with the theory of the resettlement of the Alans from the Caucasus, which is dated to the 8th century BC. However, as we have already seen, there are no grounds for such a dating, and archaeological and linguistic materials cast doubt on the very fact of the migration of a large Alan massif. The data of anthropology and numismatics speak of the significant archaism of the Mayatsky and Verkhnesaltovsky burial grounds (craniological type and finds of coins of the 6th - early 7th centuries). The Upper Saltov burial ground differs from the rest of the Saltov catacomb burials and the North Caucasus: if everywhere the bodies of women are crouched, then in Upper Saltov they are elongated. This allows archaeologists to conclude that the ancient Sarmatian tradition, which was outlived in the North Caucasus, has been preserved here. Many burials of the Dmitrovsky catacomb burial ground are also recognized as archaic: analogies to their inventory do not go beyond the 7th century BC. These facts gave V. S. Flerov the opportunity to single out a special ethnic group, the Sarmatian-Alans, while maintaining ancient Eastern European traditions. Therefore, it seems more acceptable to reconsider the lower boundary of precisely these SMK complexes, especially since the upper layer of both the Pastyrsky settlement and Balki Kancerka has a clear Saltov-Mayak appearance.
Thus, a comprehensive study of materials from archeology, linguistics and epigraphy, as well as reports from written sources, suggests a direct connection between the core of the Russian Khaganate and the Sarmatian-Alanian tribes of the Northern Black Sea region and Crimea in the first centuries AD. e., especially with Roksolani. After the Hun invasion, some of them appeared in the North Caucasus (the region of the Kislovodsk basin), which is confirmed both by the Arab-Persian sources about the Rus in the Caucasus in the 6th-7th centuries, and by authentic archeological materials. Another part of these tribes probably migrated to the Dnieper and Don region, which is indirectly confirmed by the materials of the "pastoral culture" and settlements of the "kantser type", as well as the earliest cultural layer of the Dmitrievsky, Mayatsky and, in particular, Verkhnesaltovsky complexes, the population of which was significantly different in its material culture from other carriers of the forest-steppe variant of the SMC.
Participation in the formation of the core of the Russian Khaganate "Rukhsas" Ciscaucasia is also confirmed. Rich material for solving this issue is provided by the Mayatsky burial ground. The forms of the catacombs and the features of the rite of immobilization (partial destruction of the skeletons) are very close to the Klin-Yar complex near Kislovodsk, which is preliminarily dated to the 2nd-4th and 5th-8th centuries.
This rite, known even among the Scythians, was widespread in forms similar to the Saltov-Mayatsky ones in the Chernyakhov culture: in the 2nd - 4th centuries. - in the Middle and Lower Dnieper, in the II - V centuries. - in the Dniester region and the Bug region, in the Alanian burial grounds of the Crimea. From II - III centuries. it is known in the catacombs of the North Caucasus, as well as in the catacomb Kubay-Karabulak culture of the 3rd-4th centuries. in Ferghana. It was expressed in the fact that when the deceased was placed in the grave, the tendons were cut and the legs were tied, and after some time (a year or three) after the burial, the grave was opened and the bones of the deceased were mixed, the chest was destroyed (so that he could not breathe) and the head was separated from the skeleton. All this was done to protect the living from the appearance of the resurrected dead. Depending on the beliefs of the community, in some burial grounds this was applied to all adults, in others only to those who performed magical functions during their lifetime. By the way, after the adoption of Christianity, such actions were common among the Slavs in Danube Bulgaria, Ukraine, Belarus and the Carpathians.
The archaism of a part of the inventory of the Mayatsky burial ground and the craniological type, the closest analogies to which are found in the Roxolan burials of the Northern Black Sea region of the 1st - 3rd centuries. n. e., show that migration from the North Caucasus in the VIII century. cannot be assumed. In Klin-Yar, such burials appear from the 5th century BC. n. e., and the burial ground functions continuously. From the 5th to the 8th century there was no outflow of population from these places. Obviously, both in Klin-Yar and on the Mayatsky complex, kindred clans settled, returning from campaigns during the Great Migration. The same is the relationship of other ancient complexes of the Saltov culture with monuments of the 5th - 9th centuries. near Kislovodsk. That is, the core of the Saltovites appeared in the Don region as early as the 6th century. and immediately established relations with the Slavs. This marked the beginning of the history of the Russ of the Saltov culture.
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From the book Secrets of the Russian Khaganate author Galkina Elena SergeevnaSlavs and Russ in the Bavarian geographer Other ancient references to the ethnonym "Rus" in Latin sources of the Middle Ages refer to the German tradition. Are they connected with the Ross Khaganate of the Bertin Annals or with Kievan Rus? The most mysterious monument is considered to be
From the book Early Slavs in the Middle Volga author Zhikh Maxim IvanovichEarly Slavs in the Middle Volga Region (Based on Written Sources) Editor's Preface Zhiha is devoted to the study of evidence of the early Slavic presence in the Middle Volga region. Traditionally
Slavs and Balts in the Dnieper region at the turn and at the beginning of our era 1So, in the last centuries BC, the population of the Upper and Middle Dnieper regions consisted of two different groups that differed significantly from each other in character, culture and level of historical
From the book At the origins of the ancient Russian people author Tretyakov Petr NikolaevichSlavs and Balts in the upper Dnieper region in the middle and third quarter of the 1st millennium AD. e 1 Until recently, the question of the Zarubintsy tribes as ancient Slavs, raised for the first time seventy years ago, remained debatable. This is due to the fact that between
Chernigov is one of the largest and most significant ancient Russian cities in the Middle Dnieper region. In the annals, it was first named under 907 among the cities - recipients of the Byzantine tribute.
Chernihiv land. Chernigov is one of the largest and most significant ancient Russian cities in the Middle Dnieper region. In the annals, it was first named under 907 among the cities - recipients of the Byzantine tribute (PSRL, vol. I, p. 31). The city occupied the right, high bank of the river. Gums and consisted of several fortified parts. Detinets (an area of about 16 hectares) was located on an elevated cape at the confluence of the river. Shearing, in the Desna. A roundabout town (about 40 hectares) adjoined the citadel from the north and west, and Tretiak (area about 20 hectares) from the southwest. All this territory was covered by a vast semi-circle of Predgradye (an area of about 80 hectares), the fortifications of which, judging by the plans of the 18th century, passed to the left bank of the Strizh-1ty. Under the citadel and to the south of it was located on the lowered and sometimes flooded part of the Desnian floodplain Chernihiv hem. The total fortified area of Chernigov exceeded 150 hectares. The most ancient core of the city was surrounded by burial mounds.
The history of Chernihiv is full of important political events. Already at the beginning of the XI century. the city became the capital of Mstislav Vladimirovich Tmutarakansky, who shared Rus' but the Dnieper with his brother Yaroslav the Wise. Mstislav builds here one of the first stone churches - the majestic Cathedral of the Savior. The Chernihiv principality separates from Kyiv until the second half of the 11th century. After the Lyubech congress (1097), the descendants of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich were finally established in the city. Until the middle of the XIII century. Chernihiv land was one of the most important and vast ancient Russian principalities. The possessions of the Chernigov princes extended from the basin of the upper reaches of the river. Oka in the northeast to Kursk and the Seversky Donets in the south and Kletsk and Slutsk in the west. The princes from the dynasty of the Chernigov Olgoviches and Davydovichs more than once occupied the grand princely Kyiv table. Sometimes they fought, but more often they acted together with the Polovtsy in internecine struggle, which earned them notoriety in the memory of their contemporaries. Chernigov was the center of the diocese, whose bishops subjugated the Murom-Ryazan lands for a long time. The city was repeatedly subjected to military attacks, withstood several cruel sieges, but during the Batu invasion it was thoroughly destroyed. Already in the second half of the XI century. in Chernigov, judging by the data of the chronicle, in addition to the citadel, there was also a roundabout city. The time of the construction of the Predgrad is presumably established: the first half - the middle of the 12th century, when Chernigov entered its heyday.
The deep antiquity of Chernigov is evidenced not only by the majestic barrow excavations of the pagan necropolis, but also by a special cycle of Chernigov epics. Unfortunately, only small fragments of Chernihiv's own chronicle have been preserved, which makes it difficult to study the centuries-old history of the city.
Archaeological research in Chernigov began long ago, but until the end of the 40s of the XX century. they were conducted on a case-by-case basis, without much purpose. The attention of the excavators was attracted by the remains of monumental buildings. Only mass excavations of Chernihiv mounds, carried out in the 70-80s of the XIX century. D. Ya. Samokvasov, and then in 1908 by the participants of the XIV Archaeological Congress, gave a lot of continuous materials on the early history of the city. After the Great Patriotic War, the situation changed. B. A. Rybakov carried out excavations in the Chernihiv citadel over wide areas. For several years, an expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (V. A. Bogusevich, D. I. Blifeld) worked here. The architectural monuments of the city were studied by P. V. Kholostenko and P. D. Baranovsky. Now excavations in Chernigov and supervision of construction work are carried out by the Historical Museum and the Historical and Architectural Reserve (V.P. Kovalenko, A.A. Karpobed).
The accumulated materials have largely clarified and clarified the picture of the emergence and development of the city. Cultural layers of the IX-X centuries. found in a citadel, in Tretiak, near the Yelets Monastery. Early Slavic (Romny) pottery was found at the ancient settlement and settlement in the Yelovshina tract (outskirts of the modern city, left bank of the Strizhnya River). Thus, by the beginning of the X century. There were several settlements on the territory of Chernihiv. The barrow groups corresponding to them speak about the same. It is still difficult to establish the place of the oldest settlement of the Slavs in Chernigov. In the first half of the X century. the center, pulling together the rest of the villages, becomes a settlement at the mouth of the river. Strizhnya. Early Chernihiv, like Kyiv, was an agglomeration of settlements, still separated by uninhabited territories, occupied by necropolises and agricultural land. But it had its own socio-political center and the main pagan temple, located in the floodplain of the Desna on a sandy hill, not far from the Ilyinsky Church of the 11th century, which retained the name "Holy Grove" in the local topography.
In Chernihiv, a local princely dynasty settled, whose representatives were buried in the huge burial mounds "Princess Chorny" and "Black Grave", the Princes were surrounded by powerful boyars, whose majestic burial mounds are the centers of individual mound groups. Perhaps some of these boyars came from the local tribal nobility, who subjugated the surrounding villages.
The early detinets, according to B. A. Rybakov, occupied the southwestern, more elevated part of its future territory. Indeed, subsequent excavations uncovered a ditch that was later filled up 50-70 m east of the Spassky Cathedral. Princely court in the XI century. was located near the Spassky Cathedral, on the site built at the beginning of the XII century. Borisoglebsky temple. Under its floors and next to it, the foundations of two palace chambers were uncovered. With the expansion of the area of \u200b\u200bdetinets to the banks of the Strizhn, the princely court at the beginning of the 12th century. moved to the northeast. Its location is fixed by the remains of the Mikhailovskaya and Annunciation churches, explored by B. A. Rybakov.
The episcopal court was located to the west of the Cathedral of the Savior. The foundations of a vast two-chamber stone building, once decorated with frescoes and glazed tiles, have survived from it. The estates of the feudal nobility and dwellings of the unprivileged, possibly dependent population, were also found in the citadel.
The early city period of the history of Chernigov ends in the second half of the 11th century, when the planned structure of the city with the citadel and the first roundabout city (probably including Tretyak) is finally formed, the first suburban monasteries appear. It is difficult to judge the city's street planning system. One can only assume that its basis was formed by a through highway, in the south leading to the road to Kyiv, and in the northeast - to Sednev and Novgorod-Seversky. It was crossed by a street that flowed through the Lyubetsky Gates into the path to Lyubech and Gomel.
The heyday of Chernihiv in the XII century. marked by the construction of new fortifications (fort) around the Predgrad and massive stone construction. In addition to the construction of episcopal chambers and several churches, the Assumption Church in the Yelets Monastery and the Pyatnitskaya Church at the market near the walls of the first roundabout city are being built in the citadel.
In the process of excavations in different parts of Chernigov (Detinets, Tretyak, a roundabout town, Predgradye), several dozen residential and utility buildings of the 11th-13th centuries were discovered. Along with ordinary, partially buried dwellings, rich above-ground residential complexes were found, the interior of which was decorated with multi-colored glazed tiles (Detinets, Tretyak). Traces of handicraft production are recorded in the citadel (blacksmith's forge), on Podil (kilns for firing bricks), and Predgrad near the Pyatnitskaya Church (iron-making, jewelry, pottery). On the territory of Chernihiv, several treasures with highly artistic items were found. Judging by the fact that some of the treasures come from the territory of the Predgradye, boyar courts were also located here. Consequently, the social topography of Chernigov and other ancient Russian cities was the same. Boyar estates interspersed with the courtyards of the trade and craft population were located in all parts of the city, the center of administrative and political life of which was detinets.
According to the book "Ancient Rus'. City, castle, village. Edited by B.A. Kolchin. "Nauka", Moscow 1985
Russian Civilization
Bright signs of a settled population appeared in the basin of the Seversky Donets, Oskol and Don only at the turn of the 7th-8th centuries. The interval between these periods is the end of the 4th-7th centuries. (the time of the Great Migration of Nations and immediately after it) is the darkest in archaeological terms in the history of South-Eastern Europe, which was a kind of "ethnic cauldron". It is almost impossible to determine the ethnicity of rare settlements and burials: the origins of some items are found in the Baltic, others - in the cities of the Black Sea region, and still others - in the Sarmatian-Alanian environment. In any case, catacomb burials, characteristic of the forest-steppe variant of the Saltovskaya culture, which could be dated with certainty to the 5th-centuries, are unknown in this area.
And the climatic conditions of this region, in particular the Dnieper region, at the end of the 4th - beginning of the 6th century. were unsuitable for life. At the end of the IV century. a sharp cooling began (the coldest was in the 5th century), it became damp and swampy. Therefore, it is not necessary to wait for large finds of this time.
But in this case, stationary craft settlements can also serve as an ethnomarking feature. A direct genetic connection can be traced between Saltov polished ceramics and pottery of the 6th-7th centuries. the so-called "pastoral" and "cancer" types. Posel
The potters' camps in the Middle and Lower Dnieper region - Pastyrskoye settlement, Balka Kancerka, Stetsovka, chronologically and territorially fitting into the limits of the Slavic Penkov culture, were undoubtedly of a different ethnicity to it.
Penkovskaya culture belongs to the area of distribution of Slavic Prague ceramics. This dish got its name from the places of the first finds - in the Czech Republic and in the Zhytomyr region (Korchak settlement). The Slavs made dishes only for household and ritual needs. Pottery usually did not go beyond the village, not to mention the sale to other regions. The Slavs did not know the potter's wheel, and if circular pots and jugs appeared in some Slavic culture, this meant the arrival of some other ethnic group. After the collapse of the union of the Slavs with this people, the art of the potter's wheel was forgotten as unnecessary.
And the main type of Prague-Korchak ceramics is high stucco pots with a truncated-conical body, slightly narrowed neck and short rim. Most of the dishes do not have any ornamentation. Only occasionally there are pots with oblique notches along the upper edge of the rim §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ §§§§§§]. This pottery is typical for all Slavs in the period after the Great Migration and before the formation of the Slavic states. Although later, when pottery workshops were in full swing in the cities, traditional pots continued to be molded in the villages. Such was the ceramics of the Baltic Slavs, and the Danube, and the Adriatic, and the Dnieper.
The Penkovskaya culture extended into the 5th-7th centuries. from the Lower Danube to the Seversky Donets. But unlike the more western Slavs, the Penkovites did not know mounds (urn and pit cremation dominated) and temporal rings, by which groups of Slavs are usually distinguished. It is believed that these features were inherited by the Penkovites from the Slavs of the Chernyakhov culture, who were influenced by two centuries of communication with the Goths, Sarmatians, Dacians, Celts, Alans and other inhabitants of the Northern Black Sea region of the 2nd-4th centuries. AD
L 5
the main monuments of the Penkovo culture
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The cultural layer in all the settlements of the Slavs is very insignificant. This means that the period of operation of each settlement was short-lived. Obviously, this is due to the turbulent situation at that time. Slavic tribes in the V-VII centuries. appeared on the historical arena as warriors who disturbed the borders of Byzantium, and it is known that the inhabitants of the Dnieper region also participated in these campaigns. In addition, the slash-and-burn system of agriculture, which was then practiced by the Slavs, required frequent relocations to new places (after the depletion of the soil).
The building of Slavic settlements, as well as almost everywhere, is unsystematic, there are no fortifications. But not only Slavs lived in this territory. Usually finger-like and anthropomorphic brooches (clasps for raincoats) are called an indicator of the Penkovo culture. They were produced, according to a number of scientists, at the Pastirsky settlement in the Dnieper region.
The Slavs, as you know, before the adoption of Christianity, the dead were burned. But such fibulae have not been found in reliable burials with cremations. But they are found in burials according to the rite of inhumation. Such dead were buried stretched out on their backs, with their heads to the northwest, with their arms lying along the body. Finger brooches are located on the humerus - where the cloak was. It is clear that the burial rite is pagan, but not Slavic. However, near the deceased, as a rule, a stucco Slavic pot with posthumous food is found!
In general, cloaks with curly fasteners were very popular among the peoples who lived on the border with the Roman Empire and experienced its influence, especially on the Danube. The Danubian origins of many pastoral decorations, including brooches, are indisputable. The German scientist I. Werner notes the genetic connection of the finger-shaped brooches of the Dnieper region with the brooches of the Crimean Goths, Gepids and the South Danube Germanic groups on the Byzantine territory, noting that the "Germanic" brooches were paired and belonged to women's clothing[********** ******************************************************* ***********************************]. A.G. Kuzmin connects pit corpses in the Penkovskaya territory, in the inventory of which there are such brooches,
with the Danubian Rugs, some of which, after the defeat of the Huns, went with them to the Dnieper region † because of the because of ,phph thanatory thanph thanphants because of the because of ††††††††††].
Further, finger brooches, already in the Dnieper form, spread to the Lower and especially the Middle Danube, within the framework of the so-called Avar culture (it is associated with the arrival of the Avars and the emergence of the Avar Khaganate), penetrate into the Balkans and the Peloponnese Peninsula, as well as in the Masurian Lake District and the South Eastern Baltic States . At least, in the Middle Danube, these brooches fall along with the Penkov corpses. Their area of distribution
The translation coincides with the localization of the Rugiland region and numerous toponyms with the root rug, ruz. Now there is a theory about the origin of the name "Rus" from the ethnonym "rugi". However, it is now impossible to determine the name of the people who buried the dead with Slavic vessels and in cloaks with brooches. Moreover, written evidence of the habitation of the rugs on the Dnieper in the 5th-6th centuries. AD no.
But the craftsmen who created these products had nothing to do with the Goths or Rugs, or with the Slavs, or with those who left the Penkovo corpses. In addition to pottery workshops, Pastyrskoye Settlement found four yurt-like ground buildings and six semi-dugouts, also of non-Slavic origin (hearths in the center instead of traditional Slavic stoves in the corner of the house). All these dwellings have analogies in the residential buildings of the Mayatsky complex of the Saltov culture §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ §§§§§§§§]. Such structures are typical
for other pottery settlements of the Dnieper region of that time (Osipovka, Stetsovka, Lug I, Budishche, etc.). B.C. Flerov considers all the yurt-like dwellings of the Middle Dnieper region to belong to the Proto-Bulgarians[**************************************** ******************************************************* ******].
But at settlements such as Stetsovka, ceramics were found not of the Azov, but of the “Alanian” type. The presence of yurt-shaped dwellings here, and not the classical half-dugouts of the forest-steppe variant of the Saltov culture, is simply explained: the principle of building half-dugouts was borrowed by the inhabitants of the forest-steppe from the Slavs of the Dnieper region, which is recognized by almost all archaeologists. The disappearance of yurt-like premises among the Saltov people of the forest-steppe is also natural. According to research by B.C. Flerov, such dwellings are a transitional type, characteristic of the period of adaptation to settled life. This is quite natural for a people who spent more than two centuries in the vicissitudes of the Great Migration and previously led a semi-nomadic lifestyle.
The molded pottery of these centers, which was not produced for sale, is also very different from the Slavic one and has a clear genetic connection with the Sarmatian pots and ceramics of the complexes of the steppe south, and this form continued to exist in the molded pottery of the already Saltov forest-steppe[††††††††† † because of the because of ,phph thanatory thanph thanphants because of the because of †††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††]. In the Slavic Penkov settlements, the share of ceramics of the "pastoral" type is very small - less than 1 percent. Apparently, the Slavs did not represent the best market for pastoral masters. But among the steppe peoples, mainly Sarmatian-Alans, ceramics were a success. Analogues of pastoral pottery were found not only in the Saltov settlement, but also in Moldova and Bulgaria (in Pliska).
The name of the bearers of the Penkovo culture has long been known. These are Antes, well known to the Byzantines and Goths from the events of the 6th - early 7th centuries. The largest historians of that time - Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes, Theophylact Simokatta - note that the Antes used the same language,
that the Slavs (a more western group of Slavs) had the same customs, way of life, and beliefs with them. But at the same time, the Byzantines somehow distinguished the sklavin from the ant even among the mercenaries of the empire. This means that the Ants still had ethnographic features. Obviously, the very name "Antes" is non-Slavic. Most scientists now produce it from Iranian dialects (ant - "marginal"). Many later names of Slavic tribes from the Dnieper to the Adriatic are also Iranian at the core: Croats, Serbs, northerners, Tivertsy. With regard to the Croats and Serbs, later borrowings are impossible: in the 7th-8th centuries. these tribal unions for the most part were already on the Balkan Peninsula. Therefore, the search for Iranian elements in the Penkovo culture, which belonged to the Ants, became logical.
The existence of pottery workshops within its boundaries, archaeologically associated with the Sarmatian-Alanian environment, allowed V.V. Sedov to talk about the formation of the Antian tribal union on the basis of a certain “assimilated Iranian-speaking population”, which remained from the time of the Chernyakhov culture ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡Ffic ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡]. But just the assimilation of this Iranian element is not traced (one can only talk about their peaceful coexistence with the Slavs). Pastoral polished ceramics has a direct connection not with Chernyakhovsk, but with the Azov and Crimean forms of the 2nd-6th centuries. AD Unfortunately, the source base is insufficient for a more complete characterization of the "pastoral culture".
Genetically related to it is the later "cancer type" of pottery polished ceramics. It has become widespread in Nadporozhye and along the Tyasmina. Its chronological framework is the subject of a separate discussion. Ukrainian archaeologist A.T. Smilenko used the archeomagnetic method to date the Kantserskoe settlement from the second half of the 6th century to the beginning of the 8th century. §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ §§§§§§§§§§§]. T.M. Minaeva, by analogy in the North Caucasus, shifted the chronological framework higher:
- beginning of the 9th century.[************************************************ ******************************************************* ***]. S.A. Pletnev and K.I. Krasilnikov drew attention to the identity of the pottery workshops of Kantserka and the Mayatsky complex, which allowed them to date Kantserka to the end of the 8th century. † because of the because of ,phph thanatory thanph thanphants because of the because of †††††††††††††††††††], thus linking this settlement with the "expansion of the Khazar Khaganate".
Indeed, there is no doubt that the pottery complexes of the “stationary type” belonged to Alan. But there is also no need to revise the date of these settlements established by the physical method. The lower dating of the forest-steppe complexes of the Saltovskaya culture has always been associated with the theory of the resettlement of the Alans from the Caucasus, which is dated to the 8th century BC. However, as we have already seen, there are no grounds for such a dating, and archaeological and linguistic materials cast doubt on the very fact of the migration of a large Alan massif. The data of anthropology and numismatics speak of the significant archaism of the Mayatsky and Verkhnesaltovsky burial grounds (craniological type and finds of coins of the 6th - early 7th centuries). The Upper Saltov burial ground differs from the rest of the Saltov catacomb burials and the North Caucasus: if everywhere the bodies of women are crouched, then in Upper Saltov they are elongated. This allows archaeologists to conclude that the ancient Sarmatian tradition, which was outlived in the North Caucasus, has been preserved here. Many burials of the Dmitrovsky catacomb burial ground are also recognized as archaic: analogies to their inventory do not go beyond the 7th century BC. These facts gave B.C. Flerov's opportunity to single out a special ethnic group of the Sarmato-Alans with the preservation of ancient Eastern European traditions ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡Ffic ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡]. Therefore, it seems more acceptable to reconsider the lower boundary of precisely these SMK complexes, especially since the upper layer of both the Pastyrskoye settlement and Balki Kancerka has a clear Saltov-Mayak appearance.
Thus, a comprehensive study of materials from archeology, linguistics and epigraphy, as well as reports from written sources, suggests a direct connection between the core of the Russian Khaganate and the Sarmatian-Alanian tribes of the Northern Black Sea region and Crimea in the first centuries AD, especially with the Roxolans. After the Hun invasion, some of them appeared in the North Caucasus (the region of the Kislovodsk basin), which is confirmed both by the data of Arab-Persian sources about the Rus in the Caucasus in the 6th-7th centuries, and by authentic materials of archeology. Another part of these tribes probably migrated to the Dnieper and Don region, which is indirectly confirmed by the materials of the "pastoral culture" and settlements of the "kantser type", as well as the earliest cultural layer of the Dmitrievsky, Mayatsky and, in particular, Verkhnesaltovsky complexes, the population of which was significantly different in its material culture from other carriers of the forest-steppe variant of the SMC.
Participation in the formation of the core of the Russian Khaganate "Rukhsas" Ciscaucasia also finds confirmation. Rich material for solving this issue is provided by the Mayatsky burial ground. The forms of the catacombs and the features of the rite of immobilization (partial destruction of the skeletons) are very close to the Klin-Yar complex near Kislovodsk, which dates preliminarily to the 2nd-4th and 5th-8th centuries.
This rite, known even among the Scythians, was widespread in forms similar to the Saltov-Mayaksky ones in the Chernyakhovsk culture: in the 2nd-4th centuries. - in the Middle and Lower Dnieper, in the II-V centuries. - in the Dniester region and the Bug region, in the Alanian burial grounds of the Crimea. From II-III centuries. it is known in the catacombs of the North Caucasus, as well as in the catacomb Kubay-Karabulak culture of the 3rd-4th centuries. in Ferghana. It was expressed in the fact that when the deceased was placed in the grave, the tendons were cut and the legs were tied, and after some time (a year or three) after the burial, the grave was opened and the bones of the deceased were mixed, the chest was destroyed (so that he could not breathe) and the head was separated from the skeleton. All this was done to protect the living from the appearance of the resurrected dead. Depending on the beliefs of the community, in some burial grounds this was applied to all adults, in others - only to those who were alive.
nor performed magical functions. By the way, after the adoption of Christianity, such actions were common among the Slavs in Danube Bulgaria, Ukraine, Belarus and the Carpathians.
The archaism of a part of the inventory of the Mayatsky burial ground and the craniological type, the closest analogies to which are found in the Roxolan burials of the Northern Black Sea region of the 1st-3rd centuries. AD, show that migration from the North Caucasus in the VIII century. cannot be assumed. In Klin-Yar, such burials appear from the 5th century BC. AD, and the burial ground functions continuously. From the 5th to the 8th century there was no outflow of population from these places. Obviously, both in Klin-Yar and on the Mayatsky complex, kindred clans settled, returning from campaigns during the Great Migration. The same is the relationship of other ancient complexes of the Saltov culture with monuments of the 5th-9th centuries. near Kislovodsk. That is, the core of the Saltovites appeared in the Don region as early as the 6th century. and immediately established relations with the Slavs. This marked the beginning of the history of the Russ of the Saltov culture.