Means of expressive speech
Anaphorasynth.
Identical beginning of several adjacent sentences
Take care of each other,
Warm with kindness.
Take care
each other,
Don't let us offend you. (O. Vysotskaya)
synth.
Comparison of sharply contrasting or opposing concepts and images to enhance the impression
"Sleep and Death" by A.A. Fet, "Crime and Punishment" by F.M. Dostoevsky.
Assonance
sound.
One of the types of sound writing, repetition of the same vowel sounds in the text
Me
lo, me
lo on sune
y ze
mle
On Sune
etce
de
ly.
St.e
cha mountainse
la on the tablee
,
St.e
cha mountainse
la... (B. Pasternak)
lex.
Artistic exaggeration
trousers as wide as the Black Sea (N. Gogol)
Gradation
synth.
Arrangement of words and expressions in increasing (ascending) or decreasing (descending) importance
Howled, sang, took off
stone under the sky
And the whole quarry was covered in smoke. (N. Zabolotsky)
Nominative themes
synth.
A special type of nominal sentences names the topic of the statement, which is revealed in subsequent sentences
Bread!.. What could be more important than bread?!
Inversion
synth.
Violation of direct word order
Drops the forest
your scarlet attire,
Frost will silver
withered field... (A. Pushkin)
Irony
lex.
Subtle mockery, use in the opposite sense of the direct one
Count Khvostov,
Poet beloved by heaven
Already sangimmortal
poetry
The misfortune of the Neva banks... (A. Pushkin)
Compositional joint
synth.
Repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of words from the previous sentence, usually ending it
At dawn the morning dawn began to sing. She sang and miraculously combined all the rustles and rustles in her song... (N. Sladkov)
Lexical repetition
lex.
Repetition of the same word or phrase in the text
Around the city there are low hillsforests , mighty, untouched. INforests there were large meadows and remote lakes with hugepine trees along the banks.Pines They made a quiet noise all the time. (Yu. Kazakov)
Litotes
lex.
Artistic understatement
"Tom Thumb"
lex.
The figurative meaning of the word based on similarity
Sleepy lake of the city (A. Blok). Sugrobov white calves (B. Akhmadulina)
lex.
Replacing one word with another based on the contiguity of two concepts
Here on new waves
All flags will be visiting us. (A.S. Pushkin)
Multi-Union
synth.
Intentional use of a repeating conjunction
There is coal, and uranium, and rye, and grapes.
(V. Inber)
Occasionalisms
lex.
Some stunning absurdities began to take root in our midst, the fruits of the new Russianeducation . (G. Smirnov)
synth.
A combination of words with opposite meanings
Tourists in their hometown. (Taffy)
lex.
Transferring human properties to inanimate objects
Silent sadness will be consoled,
And playful joy will reflect... (A.S. Pushkin)
Parcellation
synth.
Intentional division of a sentence into semantically significant segments
He loved everything beautiful. And he understood a lot about it. A beautiful song, poems, beautiful people. And smart.
lex.
Replacing a word (phrase) with a descriptive phrase
"people in white coats" (doctors), "red cheat" (fox)
Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal
synth.
Expressing a statement in interrogative form;
to attract attention;
increased emotional impact
Oh Volga! My cradle!
Has anyone ever loved you like I do? (N. Nekrasov)
Rows, pairwise combination of homogeneous members
synth.
Using homogeneous members for greater artistic expressiveness of the text
Amazing combinationyou just Anddifficulties , transparency Anddepths in Pushkin'spoetry Andprose . (S. Marshak)
Sarcasm
lex.
Caustic, caustic mockery, one of the techniques of satire
The works of Swift, Voltaire, Saltykov-Shchedrin are full of sarcasm.
lex.
Replacing quantitative relations, using singular instead of plural
Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts... (A. Pushkin)
Syntactic parallelism
synth.
Similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines
To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture. (D. Likhachev)
Comparison
lex.
Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature
Yes, there are words that burnlike a flame. (A. Tvardovsky)
Default
synth.
An interrupted statement that gives the opportunity to speculate and reflect
This fable could be explained more - Yes, so as not to irritate the geese... (I.A. Krylov)
Ellipsis
synth.
Abbreviation, “omission” of words that are easily restored in meaning, which contributes to the dynamism and conciseness of speech.
We sat down in ashes, cities in dust,
Swords include sickles and plows. (V.A. Zhukovsky)
lex.
A figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon
But I love springgolden
,
Yours is solid,wonderfully mixed
noise...
(N. Nekrasov)
synth.
Same ending for several sentences
Conjure springsee off the winter
.
Early, earlysee off the winter.
To add brightness to speech, enhance its emotional sound, give it an expressive coloring, and also attract the attention of readers and listeners to words, special means of expressive language are used. Such figures of speech are distinguished by great diversity.
Speech expressive means are divided into several categories: they are phonetic, lexical, and also related to syntax (syntactic), phraseological units (phraseological), tropes (speech figures with the opposite meaning). Expressive means of language are used everywhere, in various areas of human communication: from fiction to scientific journalism and simple everyday communication. Such expressive figures of speech are least often used in the business sphere due to their inappropriateness. As you might guess, means of expression and artistic language go hand in hand: they serve as the best auxiliary means for creating vivid literary images and conveying characters, helping the writer to better characterize the world of his work and more fully realize the intended plot.
Modern philologists do not offer us any clear classification of the expressive means of language into specific groups, but they can be conditionally divided into two types:
- trails;
- stylistic figures.
Tropes are figures of speech or individual words used in a non-literal meaning, using hidden meaning. Such expressive means of language are an important part of conveying the author’s artistic intent. Paths are represented by such individual phrases as metaphor, hyperbole, synecdoche, metonymy, litotes, etc.
Stylistic figures are expressive means used by the author of a work of art in order to convey to readers the greatest degree of feelings and characters of characters and situations. The correct use of stylistic figures allows you to better express the meaning of the text and give it the necessary coloring. Antithesis and anaphora, inversion and gradation, as well as epiphora, parallelism - these are all stylistic figures of speech.
The most commonly used means of expression in the Russian language
Earlier we talked about a wide variety of expressive lexical means of speech that help convey the desired emotional coloring. Let's figure out which means of expressiveness are used most often both in fiction and in everyday speech.
Hyperbole is a figure of speech that is based on the technique of exaggerating something. If the author wants to enhance the expressiveness of the figure being conveyed or to amaze the reader (listener), he uses hyperbole in speech.
Example: fast as lightning; I told you a hundred times!
Metaphor is one of the main figures of language expressiveness, without which the full transfer of properties from one object or living thing to others is unthinkable. Such a trope as a metaphor is somewhat reminiscent of a comparison, but the auxiliary words “as if”, “as if” and the like are not used, while the reader and listener feels their hidden presence.
Example: seething emotions; sunny smile; icy hands.
An epithet is a means of expression that colors even the simplest things and situations in expressive, bright colors.
Example: ruddy dawn; playful waves; languid look.
Please note: you cannot use the first adjective you come across as an epithet. If an existing adjective defines clear properties of an object or phenomenon, it should not be taken as an epithet ( wet asphalt, cold air, etc.)
Antithesis is a technique of expressive speech that is often used by the author to increase the degree of expression and drama of a situation or phenomenon. Also used to show a high degree of difference. Poets often use antithesis.
Example: « You are a prose writer - I am a poet, you are rich - I am very poor" (A.S. Pushkin).
Comparison is one of the stylistic figures, the name of which lies its functionality. We all know that when comparing objects or phenomena, they are directly opposed. In artistic and everyday speech, several techniques are used that help ensure that the comparison is successfully conveyed:
- comparison with the addition of a noun (“storm” haze the sky covers...");
- turnover with the addition of conjunctions of comparative color (The skin of her hands was rough, like the sole of a boot);
- with the inclusion of a subordinate clause (Night fell on the city and in a matter of seconds everything became quiet, as if there was no such liveliness in the squares and streets just an hour ago).
Phraseologism is a figure of speech, one of the most popular means of expression in the Russian language. Compared to other tropes and stylistic figures, phraseological units are not compiled by the author personally, but are used in a ready-made, accepted form.
Example: like a bull in a china shop; make porridge; Play the fool.
Personification is a type of trope that is used when there is a desire to endow inanimate objects and everyday phenomena with human qualities.
Example: it is raining; nature rejoices; the fog is leaving.
In addition to those expressive means that were listed above, there are also a large number of expressive expressions that are not so often used, but are just as important for achieving richness of speech. These include the following means of expression:
- irony;
- litotes;
- sarcasm;
- inversion;
- oxymoron;
- allegory;
- lexical repetition;
- metonymy;
- inversion;
- gradation;
- multi-union;
- anaphora and many other tropes and stylistic figures.
The extent to which a person has mastered the techniques of expressive speech determines his success in society, and in the case of an author of fiction, his popularity as a writer. The absence of expressive phrases in everyday or artistic speech predetermines its wretchedness and the manifestation of little interest in it by readers or listeners.
Means of expression in the Russian language can be divided into:
- Lexical means
- Syntactic means
- Phonetic means
Lexical means: tropes
Allegory - Themis (woman with scales) – justice. | Replacing an abstract concept with a concrete image. |
Hyperbola-Bloomers as wide as the Black Sea(N. Gogol) | Artistic exaggeration. |
Irony-Where, smart, your head is delirious. (Fable by I. Krylov). | Subtle mockery, used in the opposite sense to the direct one. |
Lexical repetition -Lakes all around, deep lakes. | Repetition of the same word or phrase in the text |
Litota -A man with a fingernail. | Artistic understatement of the described object or phenomenon. |
Metaphor - Sleepy Lake of the City (A. Blok) | The figurative meaning of the word based on similarity |
Metonymy - The class was noisy | Replacing one word with another based on the contiguity of two concepts |
Occasionalisms -The fruits of education. | Artistic means created by the author. |
Personification -It is raining. Nature rejoices. | The endowment of inanimate objects with the properties of living things. |
Periphrase-Lion = king of beasts. | Substituting a word with an expression similar in lexical meaning. |
Sarcasm-The works of Saltykov-Shchedrin are full of sarcasm. | A caustic, subtle mockery, the highest form of irony. |
Comparison -Says a word - the nightingale sings. | In comparison there is also what is being compared, and then what is it compared to?. Conjunctions are often used: as if, as if. |
Synecdoche-Every a penny brings (money) into the house. | Transferring values by quantitative characteristic. |
Epithet-“Ruddy dawn”, “Golden hands”, “Silver voice”. | A colorful, expressive definition that is based on a hidden comparison. |
Synonyms- 1) run - rush. 2)The noise (rustle) of leaves. | 1) Words that are different in spelling, but close in meaning. 2) Contextual synonyms - words that are similar in meaning in the same context |
Antonyms - original - fake, stale - responsive | Words with opposite meanings |
Archaism-eyes - eyes, cheeks - cheeks | An obsolete word or figure of speech |
Syntactic means
Anaphora -It was not in vain that the storm came. | Repeating words or combinations of words at the beginning of sentences or lines of poetry. |
Antithesis -Long hair, short mind;. | Opposition. |
Gradation -I came, I saw, I conquered! | Arrangement of words and expressions in increasing (ascending) or decreasing (descending) significance. |
Inversion -Once upon a time there lived a grandfather and a woman. | Reverse word order. |
Compositional junction (lexical repetition) -It was a wonderful sound. It was the best voice I've heard in years. | Repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of words from the previous sentence, usually ending it. |
Multi-union -The ocean walked before my eyes, and swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded away. | Intentional use of a repeated conjunction. |
Oxymoron -Dead Souls. | A combination of words that are not compatible in meaning. |
Parcellation -He saw me and froze. I was surprised. He fell silent. | The deliberate division of a sentence into meaningful segments. |
Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal -What a summer, what a summer! Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters, who hasn’t sworn at them? Citizens, let's make our city green and cozy! | Expressing a statement in interrogative form; to attract attention; increased emotional impact. |
Rows, pairwise combination of homogeneous members -Nature helps to fight loneliness, overcome despair, powerlessness, forget hostility, envy, and the treachery of friends. | Using homogeneous members for greater artistic expressiveness of the text |
Syntactic parallelism -To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture.(D. Likhachev) | Similar, parallel construction of phrases and lines. |
Default -But listen: if I owe you... I own a dagger, / I was born near the Caucasus. | The author deliberately understates something, interrupts the hero’s thoughts so that the reader can think for himself what he wanted to say. |
Ellipsis -Guys - for the axes! (the word “taken” is missing) | Omission of some part of the sentence that is easily restored from the context |
Epiphora -I've been coming to you all my life. I believed in you all my life. | Same ending for several sentences. |
Phonetic means: sound writing
Solve the Unified State Exam in Russian with answers.
Our language is a holistic and logically correct system. Its smallest unit is sound, its smallest meaningful unit is morpheme. Words, which are considered the basic unit of language, are made up of morphemes. They can be considered from the point of view of their sound, as well as from the point of view of structure, as or as members of a sentence.
Each of the named linguistic units corresponds to a certain linguistic layer, tier. Sound is a unit of phonetics, a morpheme is a unit of morphemics, a word is a unit of vocabulary, parts of speech are a unit of morphology, and sentences are a unit of syntax. Morphology and syntax together make up grammar.
At the level of vocabulary, tropes are distinguished - special turns of speech that give it special expressiveness. Similar means at the syntax level are figures of speech. As we see, everything in the language system is interconnected and interdependent.
Lexical means
Let us dwell on the most striking linguistic means. Let's start with the lexical level of the language, which - recall - is based on words and their lexical meanings.
Synonyms
Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are close in their lexical meanings. For example, beautiful – wonderful.
Some words or combinations of words acquire a close meaning only in a certain context, in a certain linguistic environment. This context synonyms.
Consider the sentence: “ Day was August, sultry, painfully boring" . Words August , sultry, painfully boring are not synonyms. However, in this context, when characterizing a summer day, they acquire a similar meaning, acting as contextual synonyms.
Antonyms
Antonyms are words of the same part of speech with opposite lexical meaning: tall - low, high - low, giant - dwarf.
Like synonyms, antonyms can be contextual, that is, acquire the opposite meaning in a certain context. Words wolf And sheep, for example, are not antonyms out of context. However, in A.N. Ostrovsky’s play “Wolves and Sheep” two types of people are depicted - human “predators” (“wolves”) and their victims (“sheep”). It turns out that in the title of the work the words wolves And sheep, acquiring the opposite meaning, become contextual antonyms.
Dialectisms
Dialecticisms are words that are used only in certain areas. For example, in the southern regions of Russia beet has another name - beetroot. In some areas the wolf is called the biryuk. Växa(squirrel), hut(house), towel(towel) - all these are dialecticisms. In literary works, dialectisms are most often used to create local color.
Neologisms
Neologisms are new words that have recently entered the language: smartphone, browser, multimedia and so on.
Outdated words
In linguistics, words that have fallen out of active use are considered obsolete. Obsolete words are divided into two groups - archaisms and historicisms.
Archaisms– these are outdated names of objects that still exist today. Other names, for example, used to have eyes and a mouth. They were named accordingly eyes And mouth.
Historicisms– words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts and phenomena they denote from everyday use. Oprichnina, corvee, boyar, chain mail– objects and phenomena called such words do not exist in modern life, which means that these are historic words.
Phraseologisms
Phraseologisms are adjacent to lexical linguistic means - stable combinations of words reproduced equally by all native speakers. Like snow fell on your head, play spillikins, neither fish nor fowl, work carelessly, turn up your nose, turn your head... There are so many phraseological units in the Russian language and what aspects of life they do not characterize!
Trails
Tropes are figures of speech based on playing with the meaning of a word and giving speech special expressiveness. Let's look at the most popular trails.
Metaphor
Metaphor is the transfer of properties from one object to another based on some similarity, the use of a word in a figurative meaning. Metaphor is sometimes called a hidden comparison - and for good reason. Let's look at examples.
Cheeks are burning. The word is used in a figurative meaning are burning. Cheeks seem to be on fire - that’s what hidden comparisons are like.
Sunset bonfire. The word is used in a figurative meaning bonfire. The sunset is compared to a fire, but the comparison is hidden. This is a metaphor.
Expanded metaphor
With the help of metaphor, a detailed image is often created - in this case, not one word, but several, appears in a figurative meaning. Such a metaphor is called expanded.
Here is an example, lines from Vladimir Soloukhin:
“The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun across the infinite Universe.”
The first metaphor is Earth is a cosmic body- gives birth to the second - we, people - astronauts.
As a result, a whole detailed image is created - human cosmonauts make a long flight around the sun on an Earth ship.
Epithet
Epithet– colorful artistic definition. Of course, epithets are most often adjectives. Moreover, the adjectives are colorful, emotional and evaluative. For example, in the phrase golden ring word golden is not an epithet, it is a common definition characterizing the material from which the ring is made. But in the phrase gold hair, golden soul - gold, golden- epithets.
However, other cases are also possible. Sometimes a noun plays the role of an epithet. For example, frost-voivode. Voivode in this case, application is a type of definition, which means it may well be an epithet.
Often epithets are emotional, colorful adverbs, for example, funny in a phrase walks merrily.
Constant epithets
Constant epithets are found in folklore and oral folk art. Remember: in folk songs, fairy tales, epics, the good fellow is always kind, the maiden is red, the wolf is gray, and the earth is damp. All these are constant epithets.
Comparison
Likening one object or phenomenon to another. Most often it is expressed in comparative phrases with conjunctions as, as if, exactly, as if or comparative clauses. But there are other forms of comparison. For example, the comparative degree of an adjective and adverb or the so-called instrumental comparison. Let's look at examples.
Time flies, like a bird(comparative turnover).
Brother is older than me(comparative turnover).
I younger than brother(comparative degree of the adjective young).
Squirms snake. (creative comparison).
Personification
Endowing inanimate objects or phenomena with the properties and qualities of living things: the sun is laughing, spring has come.
Metonymy
Metonymy is the replacement of one concept with another based on contiguity. What does it mean? Surely in geometry lessons you studied adjacent angles - angles that have one common side. Concepts can also be related - for example, school and students.
Let's look at examples:
School went out on a cleanup day.
Kiss plate ate.
The essence of metonymy in the first example is that instead of the word students the word is used school la. In the second example we use the word plate instead of the name of what is on the plate ( soup, porridge or something similar), that is, we use metonymy.
Synecdoche
Synecdoche is similar to metonymy and is considered a type of it. This trope also consists of replacement - but the replacement must be quantitative. Most often, the plural is replaced by the singular and vice versa.
Let's look at examples of synecdoche.
“From here we will threaten Swede… “- thinks Tsar Peter in A.S. Pushkin’s poem “The Bronze Horseman”. Of course, this meant more than one Swede, A Swedes- that is, the singular number is used instead of the plural.
And here is a line from Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin”: "We all look at Napoleons". It is known that the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was alone. The poet uses synecdoche - uses the plural instead of the singular.
Hyperbola
Hyperbole is excessive exaggeration. “At one hundred and forty suns the sunset glowed”, writes V. Mayakovsky. And Gogolsky had trousers “as wide as the Black Sea.”
Litotes
Litotes is the opposite trope of hyperbole, an excessive understatement: a boy with a finger, a man with a nail.
Irony
Irony is hidden mockery. At the same time, we put into our words a meaning that is directly opposite to the true one. “Get off, smart one, your head is delusional”, - such a question in Krylov’s fable is addressed to the Donkey, who is considered the embodiment of stupidity.
Periphrase
We have already considered paths based on the replacement of concepts. At metonymy one word is replaced by another according to the contiguity of concepts, when synecdoche The singular number is replaced by the plural or vice versa.
A paraphrase is also a replacement - a word is replaced by several words, a whole descriptive phrase. For example, instead of the word “animals” we say or write “our little brothers.” Instead of the word "lion" - king of beasts.
Syntactic means
Syntactic means are those linguistic means that are associated with a sentence or phrase. Syntactic means are sometimes called grammatical, since syntax, along with morphology, is part of grammar. Let's look at some syntactic means.
Homogeneous members of the sentence
These are members of a sentence that answer the same question, refer to the same word, are one member of a sentence and, in addition, are pronounced with a special intonation of enumeration.
Grew in the garden roses, daisies,bells . — This sentence is complicated by homogeneous subjects.
Introductory words
These are words that more often express an attitude towards what is being communicated, indicate the source of the message or the way the thought is expressed. Let's analyze the examples.
Fortunately, snow.
Unfortunately, snow.
Maybe, snow.
According to a friend, snow.
So, snow.
The above sentences convey the same information (snow), but it is expressed with different feelings (fortunately, unfortunately) with uncertainty (maybe), indicating the source of the message (according to a friend) and the way to formulate thoughts (So).
Dialogue
A conversation between two or more people. Let us recall, as an example, a dialogue from a poem by Korney Chukovsky:
- Who's talking?
- Elephant.
- Where?
- From a camel...
Question-and-answer form of presentation
This is the name for constructing a text in the form of questions and answers to them. "What's wrong with a piercing gaze?" — the author asks the question. And he answers to himself: “Everything is bad!”
Separate members of the sentence
Secondary members of a sentence, which are distinguished by commas (or dashes) in writing, and by pauses in speech.
The pilot talks about his adventures, smiling at the listeners (a sentence with a separate circumstance, expressed by an adverbial phrase).
The children went out into the clearing, illuminated by the sun (a sentence with a separate circumstance expressed by a participial phrase).
Without a brother his first listener and admirer, he would hardly have achieved such results.(offer with a separate widespread application).
Nobody, except her sister, didn't know about it(sentence with a separate addition).
I'll come early at six o'clock in the morning (sentence with a separate clarifying circumstance of time).
Figures of speech
At the syntax level, special constructions are distinguished that give expressiveness to speech. They are called figures of speech, as well as stylistic figures. These are antithesis, gradation, inversion, parcellation, anaphora, epiphora, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, etc. Let's look at some of the stylistic figures.
Antithesis
In Russian, antithesis is called opposition. An example of this is the proverb: “Learning is light, but ignorance is darkness.”
Inversion
Inversion is the reverse order of words. As you know, each member of a sentence has its own “legitimate” place, its own position. So, the subject must come before the predicate, and the definition must come before the word being defined. Certain positions are assigned to adverbial and complementary elements. When the order of words in a sentence is violated, we can talk about inversion.
Using inversion, writers and poets achieve the desired sound of a phrase. Remember the poem "Sail". Without inversion, his first lines would sound like this: “A lonely sail whitens in the blue fog of the sea”. The poet used inversion and the lines sounded amazing:
The lonely sail turns white
In the blue sea fog...
Gradation
Gradation is the arrangement of words (usually homogeneous members, in ascending or descending order of their meanings). Let's look at examples: "This optical illusion, hallucination, mirage« (a hallucination is more than an optical illusion, and a mirage is more than an optical illusion). Gradation can be either ascending or descending.
Parcellation
Sometimes, to enhance expressiveness, the boundaries of a sentence are deliberately violated, that is, parcellation is used. It consists of fragmenting a phrase, which results in the formation of incomplete sentences (that is, constructions whose meaning is unclear outside the context). An example of parcellation can be considered a newspaper headline: “The process has begun. “Backward” (“The process has gone backward,” this is what the phrase looked like before fragmentation).
Speech. Analysis of means of expression.
It is necessary to distinguish between tropes (visual and expressive means of literature) based on the figurative meaning of words and figures of speech based on the syntactic structure of the sentence.
Lexical means.
Typically, in a review of assignment B8, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as one word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics.
synonyms(contextual, linguistic) – words close in meaning | soon - soon - one of these days - not today or tomorrow, in the near future |
antonyms(contextual, linguistic) – words with opposite meanings | they never said you to each other, but always you. |
phraseological units– stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning to one word | at the end of the world (= “far”), tooth does not touch tooth (= “frozen”) |
archaisms- outdated words | squad, province, eyes |
dialectism– vocabulary common in a certain territory | smoke, chatter |
bookstore, colloquial vocabulary |
daring, companion;
corrosion, management; waste money, outback |
Paths.
In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.
Types of tropes and examples for them are in the table:
metaphor– transferring the meaning of a word by similarity | dead silence |
personification- likening any object or phenomenon to a living being | dissuadedgolden grove |
comparison– comparison of one object or phenomenon with another (expressed through conjunctions as if, as if, comparative degree of adjective) | bright as the sun |
metonymy– replacing a direct name with another by contiguity (i.e. based on real connections) | The hiss of foamy glasses (instead of: foaming wine in glasses) |
synecdoche– using the name of a part instead of the whole and vice versa | a lonely sail turns white (instead of: boat, ship) |
paraphrase– replacing a word or group of words to avoid repetition | author of “Woe from Wit” (instead of A.S. Griboyedov) |
epithet– the use of definitions that give the expression figurativeness and emotionality | Where are you going, proud horse? |
allegory– expression of abstract concepts in specific artistic images | scales – justice, cross – faith, heart – love |
hyperbola- exaggeration of the size, strength, beauty of the described | at one hundred and forty suns the sunset glowed |
litotes- understatement of the size, strength, beauty of the described | your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble |
irony- the use of a word or expression in a sense contrary to its literal meaning, for the purpose of ridicule | Where are you, smart one, wandering from, head? |
Figures of speech, sentence structure.
In task B8, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.
epiphora– repetition of words at the end of sentences or lines following each other | I'd like to know. Why do I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor? |
gradation– construction of homogeneous members of a sentence with increasing meaning or vice versa | I came, I saw, I conquered |
anaphora– repetition of words at the beginning of sentences or lines following each other | Irontruth - alive to envy,
Ironpestle, and iron ovary. |
pun– pun | It was raining and there were two students. |
rhetorical exclamation (question, appeal) – exclamatory, interrogative sentences or sentences with appeals that do not require a response from the addressee | Why are you standing there, swaying, thin rowan tree?
Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear! |
syntactic parallelism– identical construction of sentences | young people are welcome everywhere,
We honor old people everywhere |
multi-union– repetition of redundant conjunction | And the sling and the arrow and the crafty dagger
The years are kind to the winner... |
asyndeton– construction of complex sentences or a series of homogeneous members without conjunctions | The booths and women flash past,
Boys, benches, lanterns... |
ellipsis- omission of an implied word | I'm getting a candle - a candle in the stove |
inversion– indirect word order | Our people are amazing. |
antithesis– opposition (often expressed through conjunctions A, BUT, HOWEVER or antonyms | Where there was a table of food, there is a coffin |
oxymoron– a combination of two contradictory concepts | living corpse, ice fire |
citation– transmission in the text of other people’s thoughts and statements indicating the author of these words. | As it is said in the poem by N. Nekrasov: “You have to bow your head below a thin epic…” |
questionably-response form presentation– the text is presented in the form of rhetorical questions and answers to them | And again a metaphor: “Live under minute houses...”. What does this mean? Nothing lasts forever, everything is subject to decay and destruction |
ranks homogeneous members of the sentence– listing homogeneous concepts | A long, serious illness and retirement from sports awaited him. |
parcellation- a sentence that is divided into intonational and semantic speech units. | I saw the sun. Over your head. |
Remember!
When completing task B8, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. you restore the text, and with it both semantic and grammatical connections. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc.
It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on changes in the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence.
Analysis of the task.
(1) The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun across the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingeniously designed that it is constantly self-renewing and thus allows billions of passengers to travel for millions of years.
(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through outer space, deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, destroying forests, and spoiling the World Ocean. (5) If on a small spaceship the astronauts begin to fussily cut wires, unscrew screws, and drill holes in the casing, then this will have to be classified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) The only question is size and time.
(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. (9) They started, multiplied, and swarmed with microscopic creatures on a planetary, and even more so on a universal scale. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of a harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the Forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry around, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste.
(13) Unfortunately, such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication between man and nature, with the beauty of our land, are just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of so-called technological progress. (14) On the one hand, a person, delayed by the inhuman rhythm of modern life, overcrowding, a huge flow of artificial information, is weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this external world itself has been brought into such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual communication with him.
(15) It is unknown how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?
(According to V. Soloukhin)
“The first two sentences use the trope of ________. This image of the “cosmic body” and “astronauts” is key to understanding the author’s position. Reasoning about how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that “humanity is a disease of the planet.” ______ (“scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste”) convey the negative actions of man. The use of _________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said to the author is far from indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence, ________ “original” gives the argument a sad ending that ends with a question.”
List of terms:
- epithet
- litotes
- introductory words and plug-in constructions
- irony
- extended metaphor
- parcellation
- question-and-answer form of presentation
- dialectism
- homogeneous members of the sentence
We divide the list of terms into two groups: the first – epithet, litotes, irony, extended metaphor, dialectism; the second – introductory words and inserted constructions, parcellation, question-answer form of presentation, homogeneous members of the sentence.
It is better to start completing the task with gaps that do not cause difficulties. For example, omission No. 2. Since a whole sentence is presented as an example, some kind of syntactic device is most likely implied. In a sentence “they scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste” series of homogeneous sentence members are used : Verbs scurrying around, multiplying, doing business, participles eating away, exhausting, poisoning and nouns rivers, oceans, atmosphere. At the same time, the verb “transfer” in the review indicates that a plural word should take the place of the omission. In the list in the plural there are introductory words and inserted constructions and homogeneous clauses. A careful reading of the sentence shows that the introductory words, i.e. those constructions that are not thematically related to the text and can be removed from the text without loss of meaning are absent. Thus, in place of gap No. 2, it is necessary to insert option 9) homogeneous members of the sentence.
Blank No. 3 shows sentence numbers, which means the term again refers to the structure of sentences. Parcellation can be immediately “discarded”, since authors must indicate two or three consecutive sentences. The question-answer form is also an incorrect option, since sentences 8, 13, 14 do not contain a question. What remains are introductory words and plug-in constructions. We find them in the sentences: In my opinion, unfortunately, on the one hand, on the other hand.
In place of the last gap, it is necessary to substitute a masculine term, since the adjective “used” must be consistent with it in the review, and it must be from the first group, since only one word is given as an example “ original". Masculine terms – epithet and dialectism. The latter is clearly not suitable, since this word is quite understandable. Turning to the text, we find what the word is combined with: "original disease". Here the adjective is clearly used in a figurative sense, so we have an epithet.
All that remains is to fill in the first gap, which is the most difficult. The review says that this is a trope, and it is used in two sentences where the image of the earth and us, people, is reinterpreted as the image of a cosmic body and astronauts. This is clearly not irony, since there is not a drop of mockery in the text, and not litotes, but rather, on the contrary, the author deliberately exaggerates the scale of the disaster. Thus, the only possible option remains - metaphor, the transfer of properties from one object or phenomenon to another based on our associations. Expanded - because it is impossible to isolate a separate phrase from the text.
Answer: 5, 9, 3, 1.
Practice.
(1) As a child, I hated matinees because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher sternly told him: “Valery Petrovich, move up!” (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown’s. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”
(6) And I, first in kindergarten and then at school, bore the heavy cross of my father’s absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know what kind of fathers anyone has!), but I didn’t understand why he, an ordinary mechanic, came to our matinees with his stupid accordion. (8) I would play at home and not disgrace either myself or my daughter! (9) Often getting confused, he groaned thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to fall through the ground from shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.
(11) I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. (12) I started getting otitis media. (13) I screamed in pain and hit my head with my palms. (14) Mom called an ambulance, and at night we went to the district hospital. (15) On the way, we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver, shrilly, like a woman, began to shout that now we would all freeze. (16) He screamed piercingly, almost cried, and I thought that his ears also hurt. (17) Father asked how long was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, kept repeating: “What a fool I am!” (19) Father thought and quietly said to mother: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain swirled around me like a snowflake in a snowstorm. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me as if a huge monster, clanging its jaws, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, and snow rustled down on the frost-covered windows. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomedly into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion.
(25) I don’t know how much time passed, but suddenly the night was illuminated by bright headlights, and the long shadow of some giant fell on my face. (26) I closed my eyes and saw my father through my eyelashes. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle.
(29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time afterwards he suffered from double pneumonia.
(32)…My children are perplexed why, when decorating the Christmas tree, I always cry. (33) From the darkness of the past, my father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if he secretly wants to see his daughter among the dressed-up crowd of children and smile cheerfully at her. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start crying.
(According to N. Aksenova)
Read a fragment of a review compiled on the basis of the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29 - A31, B1 - B7.
This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should appear in the blank space, write the number 0.
Write down the sequence of numbers in the order in which you wrote them down in the text of the review where there are gaps in answer form No. 1 to the right of task number B8, starting from the first cell.
“The narrator’s use of such a lexical means of expression as _____ to describe the blizzard (“terrible blizzard", "impenetrable darkness"), gives the depicted picture expressive power, and such tropes as _____ (“pain circled me” in sentence 20) and _____ (“the driver began to scream shrilly, like a woman” in sentence 15), convey the drama of the situation described in the text . A device such as ____ (in sentence 34) enhances the emotional impact on the reader.”