Poem "To Chaadaev".
Perception, interpretation, evaluation
The poem "To Chaadaev" was written in 1818. It is dedicated to a close friend of A.S. Pushkin, officer of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment P. Ya. Chaadaev, who had a great influence on the poet. The poem was widely circulated in the lists. In a distorted form, without the knowledge of the author himself, it was published in the almanac "Northern Star" in 1829.
We can attribute the poem to civil lyrics, its genre is a friendly message, its style is romantic.
Compositionally, we can distinguish three parts in this message. The poet speaks about the past, present and future of himself and his generation, of all progressive young people of his time. Their past is youthful fun, deceitful love and hope. The present is an ardent desire to see one's Motherland free, the expectation of a "holy minute of liberty." The poet compares civil and love feelings here:
We await with languor the hope of the Holy Minute of Liberty,
As the young lover waits for the moment of faithful rendezvous.
The compositional center of the poem is an appeal addressed to all like-minded people:
While we burn with freedom
As long as hearts are alive for honor,
My friend, let us dedicate our souls to the homeland with wonderful impulses!
The future of the Fatherland is its freedom, awakening from sleep.
The poem is written in iambic tetrameter. A.S. Pushkin uses various means of artistic expression: epithets (“fatal power”, “impatient soul”, “liberties of the saint”, “beautiful impulses”, “star of captivating happiness”), metaphor (“deceit did not live long for us”, “while we burn with freedom” , “Russia will rise from sleep”), comparison (“Young amusements have disappeared, like a dream, like a morning mist”). The poet makes extensive use of socio-political vocabulary: "fatherland", "oppression", "power", "freedom", "honor". At the phonetic level, we find alliteration (“Deceit did not live long for us”) and assonance (“Under the yoke of fatal power”).
Thus, this poem is imbued with an ardent call for freedom, sincere faith in the future of the country and the personal inspiration of the poet. We can consider it in the context of all the freedom-loving lyrics of A.S. Pushkin.
The writing
His poetry is, as it were, the scattering of the treasures of his soul by both handfuls.
A. Tolstoy
A favorite poet with his poems often makes a person think about the environment. Sometimes people do not even notice his presence, but it seems to me that he is always there. Such for me is Sergei Yesenin. Much in his poetry excites my soul. Sometimes such thoughts are born that surprise me, amaze me. What am I thinking about, leafing through Yesenin's collection of poems?
V. Smirnov said about one of the features of the poet: "He, as it were, exposes himself to the reader." Of course, these words can be understood in different ways, but for me they are proof of the simplicity of Yesenin's poetry, the openness of his soul. In my opinion, the poet sought to show people his inner world, and not hide it. Maybe that's why my thoughts often coincide with those of S. Yesenin? This man spoke about everything: about life, about love, about the Motherland. Reading his poems, one cannot help but think about the future. The poet, as it were, helps us build our lives. Based on his work, I discover those feelings, those thoughts that are typical for Yesenin. In my essay, I would like to write about the most important issues that the poet considered in his works. In my opinion, none of them can leave a person indifferent.
With some excitement I reread the following lines:
Love does not require bail,
With her know joy and trouble.
The poet wrote about the state of a person when the readiness to give everything for the sake of someone reaches its highest point. Pure feelings, it seems to me, overwhelmed him. They are passed on to the reader. I think that Yesenin's theme of love has some special character. I am amazed by his desire for goodness, which runs through all the work of the poet. He himself understands love as something divine, high. Creating masterpieces, Sergei Yesenin spoke simply, but beautifully, putting his whole soul into poetry:
Honey, sit down next to me
Let's look into each other's eyes.
I want under the meek gaze
Listen to the sensual blizzard.
It is no coincidence that in this poem love is combined with nature, because this feeling in itself is a natural phenomenon. The poet is honest with us, he says: "I never lie with my heart." His words confirm that love is always sincere. Reading the poems of S. Yesenin, I realized that it is not the reciprocity of feelings that is important, but understanding between people. Often there are breaks, love tragedies, even the poet was not spared from them, but sadness should not overwhelm honor. In difficult times, you need to be able to say as Yesenin said:
Live like this
How the star guides you
Under the shelter of the renewed canopy ...
Nobility in love is characteristic of the poet. He never blames a woman, on the contrary, Sergei Yesenin defends her, protecting her from lawlessness:
We are spring girls in Russia
We do not keep on the chain, like dogs,
We learn to kiss without money,
Without dagger tricks and fights ...
Yes, Yesenin's love lyrics are varied. But all the poems about this wonderful and incomparable feeling have one thing in common: they are written with a pure soul. The reader is conveyed the thoughts of the poet himself, who seems to worship women. It seems to me that S. Yesenin in his poems wanted to express his love not only for beautiful, charming girls, but also for mothers, because they also belong to the fair sex. Again and again rereading individual lines, I think that love is happiness!
“My lyrics are alive only with love - love for the motherland. The feeling of the motherland is the main thing in my work, ”wrote Yesenin. The poet dedicated many poems to the country where he was born and spent his life. I want to note that his works speak not only about Rus':
I think:
How beautiful
Earth
And there is a person on it.
And how many unfortunates with the war
Freaks now and cripples!
And how many are buried in the pits!
And how many more will be buried!
And I feel in the cheekbones stubborn
Violent spasm of the cheeks.
Yesenin loved this land, he did not want another. According to V. Smirnov, the poet is "the heart, soul of the Russian people, his Razin and Chaliapin voice!" Sergei Yesenin was truly devoted to Russia. He himself was born in the village, about which he will later say:
I was born with songs in a grassy blanket
Spring dawns twisted me into a rainbow.
The poet did not hide his anxiety for the future of all mankind, our entire planet, but he believed in the brotherhood of peoples. He could not imagine himself, his life without Russia, his fate was tightly connected with the fate of our country:
But even then,
When all over the planet
The tribal feud will pass,
Lies and sadness will disappear, -
I will chant
With the whole being in the poet
sixth of the earth
With a short name "Rus".
S. Yesenin was, in my opinion, one of those who are ready to sacrifice themselves for the sake of the “beloved land”. Reading his poems about the Motherland, I think about how high the poet's words about Russia are. How much he cared about her! S. Yesenin, as it were, calls people to fight for happiness, for freedom: Russia! Dear heart!
The soul shrinks from pain,
How many years does not hear the field
Cock crow, dog barking.
Yesenin's poems are not outdated, they still do not lose their meaning. How hard it becomes on the soul when you think that the poet's experiences were not in vain?! What is Great Rus' now? But you need to strive for the best. Yesenin wanted to see the country happy. Maybe that's why his poems sound like a call?
The poet's love for the Motherland is also manifested in the way he draws nature.
O Rus - raspberry field
And the blue that fell into the river -
I love to joy and pain
Your lake anguish.
Only a person who sincerely loves his native land could utter such words. But V. Smirnov directly stated that "Yesenin is Russia." I don't think anyone will ever deny that. After all, this poet will always remain for us the person who so easily and simply could describe the most beautiful corners of our Motherland.
The golden grove dissuaded
Birch, cheerful language,
And the cranes, sadly flying,
No more regrets for anyone.
Yesenin's nature is always alive. In his poems lies some kind of mystery that can revive everything around. Involuntarily I draw in front of me the pictures that the poet paints. In my opinion, for Sergei Yesenin, nature is eternal beauty and eternal harmony, and man is its inseparable part. His poems awaken something in me that seeks to overcome the line that is between me and the poet, me and his words:
But most of all
Love for the native land
tormented me,
Tormented and burned.
Yes, Yesenin was and will be a singer of Russian nature, a singer!
Many say that Sergei Yesenin was born a poet. Yes, of course, he began to write poetry from early childhood. But what does it mean for him to be a poet?
... it means the same
If the truth of life is not violated,
Scarring your soft skin
To caress other people's souls with the blood of feelings.
In our time, in the pursuit of material things, we lose souls. For me, Yesenin is spiritual and moral support. He helps me a lot. I think being a poet means also being a mentor to someone.
Another topic I would like to talk about is reflections on life. Now, when the time is becoming very complex and difficult, it will not be superfluous to note for yourself those concepts that are most important.
The poet experienced a lot in his life: he was accused of drunkenness, poetry was considered forbidden. But he did not give up:
I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.
Withering gold embraced,
I won't be young anymore.
Sergei Yesenin reflects on the essence of human existence, on life and death, on good and evil, on eternity and immortality. I am especially struck by his words, written to his mother:
I'm not such a bitter drunkard,
To die without seeing you.
A person does not choose the day of death, but the poet does not want to upset his loved one, because his mother is dear to him.
How great is the significance of Yesenin's philosophy for me! How deeply it touches the soul! The poet speaks about the most important thing in such a way that it is simply impossible not to remember his lines:
And nothing will disturb the soul
And nothing will make her shudder, -
Who loved, he cannot love,
Who is burned, you will not set fire to.
Yesenin lived for thirty years. Where do you get these thoughts from? According to the number of years lived, his life can be called very short, but it was, in my opinion, oversaturated with events, as evidenced by all the poet's work. The death of Sergei Yesenin shocked many. “The greatest poet died…”, wrote Alexei Tolstoy in those days. Now there is a lot of talk about the "murder" and "suicide" of S. Yesenin. At the moment, no one is sure of either one or the other. But for those who truly love the poet, there is no difference. They all respect him for who he was. I would like to end the topic of reflections on life with the last lines of Sergei Yesenin:
Goodbye, my friend, without a hand, without a word,
Do not be sad and do not sadness of the eyebrows, -
In this life, dying is not new,
But to live, of course, is not newer.
The poet makes me think about many things. And not that it forces me, just reading his poems, I involuntarily picture to myself the life that awaits me. People say, "Learn from the mistakes of others." And I would like to say differently: "Look for an ideal, look for a teacher, and, without a doubt, he will help you." And I often consult with Yesenin. It is worth opening a collection of his poems, immediately the answer to all questions. Why? Yes, because all the works of the poet were written specifically for us - those who need advice. After all, each of his poems at different moments of life can be understood in different ways. The work of S. Yesenin can influence any person.
“There is always something especially noble,
meek, gentle, fragrant and graceful
in every feeling of Pushkin.
V.G. Belinsky
V. G. Belinsky accurately defined the purpose of poetry: “... to develop in people a sense of grace and a sense of humanity, meaning by this word an infinite respect for the dignity of a person as a person.” And today this is her holy purpose.
A.S. Pushkin is rightly called a miracle of Russian literature. His poetry is an inexhaustible source, which, like in a fairy tale, gives water to everyone who touches it with “living water”.
The whole world appreciates the poet for what he himself appreciated in himself:
For a long time I will be kind to the people,
That I aroused good feelings with lyre ...
Even before Pushkin, poetry served the people, but with him this need for Russian literature acquired unprecedented strength.
The first thing that attracts us when reading the works of the poet is the amazing power of feelings, the brilliance of the mind. But his poems must be read carefully, thinking about each word, because this word is important for understanding the whole, because, as N.V. Gogol said, in every word of Pushkin there is “an abyss of space”.
What kind of "good feelings" does Pushkin's lyre evoke? At the dawn of his poetic activity, even in lyceum poetry, the poet thinks about the role and fate of poetry and the poet in contemporary society. Understanding perfectly the unenviable fate of the poet, the young Pushkin chose the path of literary creativity for himself:
My lot has fallen: I choose the lyre!
He chooses a “modest, noble lyre”, which will serve only freedom, and his “incorruptible voice” will become “an echo of the Russian people”.
In the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “To the Poet”, “Echo”, A.S. Pushkin develops his own view of the tasks of the poet. The poet, in his opinion, must find feelings in himself in order to educate the reader, to lead him along, using his high gift. “Burn the hearts of the people with the verb” is his motto. In the "Prophet" - the whole philosophy of Pushkin.
Dozens of poems by A.S. Pushkin are devoted to the theme of patriotism. The poet early felt the living breath of the history of his homeland and thought deeply about the fate of the country. Freedom became his muse. He saw that his people were groaning in the chains of centuries of slavery and passionately awaiting their release. Pushkin, a friend and inspirer of the Decembrists, in his youth in the ode "Liberty" declared with ardent conviction:
I want to sing freedom to the world
On the throne to strike vice.
Young people knew the poet's poems, breathing freedom, and were carried away by them. Decembrist MN Paskevich, for example, wrote that he "borrowed" his first liberal thoughts from reading Mr. Pushkin's free poems.
Until the end of his days, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was an implacable enemy of the autocracy, a defender of people's freedom. It is not for nothing that in the poem summing up his entire creative life, the poet takes special merit for “that in my cruel age I glorified freedom and called for mercy to the fallen.”
It is impossible to read the amazing poems of A.S. Pushkin about nature without excitement. These are real paintings. So you see how “boron drops his autumn outfit”, how “mist falls on the fields”, how “noisy caravan geese” stretches, and the moon “like a yellow spot”, and many other beautiful paintings, as if drawn by a wonderful artist. How deep is the poet's love for everything native, national, close and dear to the heart of a Russian person! These verses bring up love for the motherland in an excellent way.
An excellent source for awakening the kindest feelings are poems about friendship and love.
How many sincere poems the poet wrote to glorify strong, unchanging friendship. To the depths of his soul, he was shocked by the news of the defeat of the Decembrist uprising, in which Kuchelbecker, Pushchin and many other friends dear to his heart participated. He worries about their future fate, emphasizes his spiritual closeness with them and is not afraid to openly admit it in the face of the king himself. With surprising courage for those years, the poet sent his message to the Decembrists to Siberia:
In the depths of Siberian ores
Keep proud patience
Your mournful work will not be lost
And doom high aspiration.
Yes, A.S. Pushkin knew how to be a faithful and devoted friend.
And love poems! “I remember a wonderful moment”, “On the hills of Georgia...”, “I loved you...” They are, indeed, a “genius of pure beauty”. Tender and passionate, cheerful and sad, they teach to love truly. More than one generation of people has been reading with excitement the poet's inspired lines, warmed by a burst of hot, sincere and pure feeling. His poems sing and shine. They went beyond the limit of their time and became the property of all who are able to experience the same selfless, full of happiness love.
In Pushkin, even the simplest, everyday feelings are described in such a way that when you read some of his poems, you are amazed at the love of life, the ability to instill hope and faith in people. For example, this poem:
If life deceives you
Don't be sad, don't be angry!
On the day of despondency, humble yourself:
The day of fun, believe me, will come.
The heart lives in the future;
The present is dull;
Everything is instant, everything will pass;
Whatever passes will be nice.
The poem was written in 1825. And this year for the poet was the year of "despondency".
Is it possible to list everything. Strict and deeply moral, cheerful, sometimes mischievous and not very modest works of the poet, for the most part, are not only an amazing monument of the human spirit and an inexhaustible source of pleasure, but also a “school of life” in which they teach “good feelings”.
And as long as "at least one piit will be alive," Pushkin's work will not be forgotten. For this is what distinguishes spiritual wealth from material wealth, that the more it is spent, the more it becomes.
Alexander Blok became a prominent representative of the Symbolists, who saw not only the past path of his country, but also the future. Motherland played an important role in the poet's work.
Homeland in the work of A. A. Blok
The poet reflected the process of the formation of Russia, touching in his works not only the historical past of the country, but also its future, the tasks facing it, its purpose.
The image of the Motherland of Blok was of interest even in the years. However, the heyday of the subject is noted after its end. The revolutionary experiences of rise and fall are reflected in every stanza of the poet's patriotic poems.
Blok's poems about the Motherland are imbued with a feeling of boundless love, tenderness, but at the same time they are saturated with pain for the past and present of Russia and hope for a better future.
The poet believed that his country not only deserved a better future, it also showed the way to it. Therefore, he saw in her his consolation, healing:
Love for the Motherland remained the only pure and sincere feeling. It was on her that the soul of the poet, wounded by loneliness and misunderstanding of society, could lean. Blok himself realized.
Motherland, her attitude changed, but the change in the nature of feelings did not affect which the writer carried through his whole life.
Image of the Motherland and Alexander Alexandrovich
Thanks to the works of A. A. Blok, years later we can see Russia from the time of the author: full of movement, life, tearful, but still unique, original. A special vision of historical events affects the poet's poems, in which the theme of the Motherland occupies an important place.
Blok created his own unique image of Russia, unknown to others. She became for him not a mother, but a beautiful woman: a lover, a friend, a bride, a wife.
The early work of the poet is characterized by a vision of a poor and dense country, but at the same time unusual and talented.
The homeland in the works of Blok is a beautiful lover who will forgive in any situation. She always understands the poet, because she is a part of the soul, her better half, a manifestation of purity. Blok understood that, despite her “shameless and deep” sins, the Motherland remains “more precious than all lands” for him.
How does Blok see Russia? The homeland of Alexander Alexandrovich has charming features, which the poet called "robber beauty": vast expanses, long roads, foggy distances, wind songs, loose ruts.
Blok loved his Fatherland recklessly, sincerely believing and hoping that soon "light will overcome darkness."
Consider some of the poems of Alexander Blok in order to most accurately understand the topic so significant to him: "Motherland".
Block. The poem "Gamayun, the prophetic bird"
It is believed that the theme of the tragic history of Russia first appeared in a poem belonging to the still very young Alexander, “Gamayun, the prophetic bird”:
The poem was Blok's first loud appeal, combining love for Russia and awareness of the horror from the past and present. But the author wants to understand the truth, no matter how terrible and terrible it is.
The first deliberate and serious embodiment of patriotic thought is considered to be a work dated 1905, “Autumn Will”.
The poet addresses the Motherland:
The lyrical hero shown by Blok experiences loneliness, and it is unbearably tragic. Only love for Russia and its nature can help overcome it. The poet admits that the landscapes of his native land are sometimes plain and not pleasing to the eye, but they can give peace, happiness and the meaning of life to his tormented soul:
The psalms sung by the poor are an echo of drunken Rus'. However, this does not bother the poet. After all, it is the true face of Russia, without embellishment and rich pathos, that is an inexhaustible source of his inspiration. It is this Motherland - dirty, drunk, impoverished - that heals Blok, gives him peace and hope.
Cycle of works "On the field of Kulikovo"
Blok's poems about the Motherland, included in the cycle of works "On the Kulikovo Field", have the deepest, most passionate meaning. The history of the native country sounds louder here than the voice of the poet himself. Due to this, a tense and tragic effect is created, pointing to the country's great past and predicting an equally great future.
Comparing the past and future deeds of a great power, the author in the past is looking for a force that allows Russia to boldly go towards its intended goal and not be afraid of "darkness - night and abroad."
The “unbreakable silence” in which the country is mired predicts “high and rebellious days,” Blok believed. The homeland shown in the works stands at the crossroads of time and space - past, present and future. The historical path of the country is embodied in the lines:
The poem "Fed" became a response to the phenomena of the revolution in 1905. These lines express faith in the coming changes, which both Blok himself and the Motherland expected.
Block. Poem "Rus"
The theme of the Motherland is also reflected in the work "Rus". Here, a mysterious, unpredictable and at the same time beautiful Russia appears before readers. The country seems to the poet a fabulous and even magical land:
Intertwining worlds (the real world and the dream world) help the poet mentally transport readers to the old, old times, when Russia was full of witches and sorcery charms.
The lyrical hero is recklessly in love with the country, so he reveres it. He sees her not just unusual, but mysterious, charmingly ancient. But Russia appears before him not only fabulous, but also impoverished, suffering and sad.
The work “Born in Deaf Years” is dedicated to Z. N. Gippius and is imbued with anticipation of future changes.
Blok understood that the modern generation was doomed, so he called on him to rethink life, to renew it.
Russia's doom lies in its untapped potential. She, possessing incredible wealth, is terribly poor and frighteningly miserable.
Motherland as the central leitmotif of the work
The poem "Russia" is striking in its sincerity and honesty: not in a single line, not in a single word, the author lied about how he sees and feels his native country.
It is thanks to his honesty that the reader is presented with the image of a poor Motherland, which aspires "to the distant past."
In the poem, one can feel the influence of the lyrical digression about the trinity bird from the poem "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol.
Blok's "troika" develops into an ominous sign of a dramatic confrontation between the people and the intelligentsia. The image of the Motherland is embodied in a powerful and unrestrained element: blizzard, wind, snowstorm.
We see that Blok is trying to comprehend the meaning of Russia, to understand the value, the necessity of such a complex historical path.
Blok believed that with the help of hidden strength and power, Russia would get out of poverty.
The poet describes his love for the Motherland, admiration for the beauty of nature, reflections on the fate of his country. Block uses the motif of the road that runs through the entire poem. At first we see impoverished Russia, but then it appears to us in the image of a country that is wide and powerful. We believe that the author is right, because one should always hope for the best.
Blok shows us a poor, but beautiful Russia. This contradiction is manifested even in the epithets used by the poet, for example, “robber beauty”.
Two sphinxes in the work of A. A. Blok
Nikolai Gumilyov wrote very beautifully about the poetry of A. Blok: “Two sphinxes stand in front of A. Blok, making him sing and cry with their unresolved riddles: Russia and his own soul. The first - Nekrasov, the second - Lermontov. And often, very often, Blok shows us them, merged into one, organically inseparable.
Gumilyov's words are indestructible truth. They can be proved by the poem "Russia". It has a strong influence of the first sphinx, Nekrasov. After all, Blok, like Nekrasov, shows us Russia from two opposite sides: powerful and at the same time powerless and miserable.
Blok believed in the strength of Russia. However, in contrast to Nekrasov's precepts, Alexander Alexandrovich loved his Motherland only with sadness, without endowing his feeling with anger. Blok's Russia is endowed with human features, the poet endows her with the image of a beloved woman. Here the influence of the second sphinx - Lermontov's - is manifested. But their similarity is not complete. Blok expressed more intimate, personal feelings, endowed with noble thoughtfulness, while in Lermontov's poems the hussar arrogance was sometimes heard.
Is it worth pitying Russia?
The poet says that he does not know how and cannot feel sorry for the Motherland. But why? Maybe because, in his opinion, nothing can obscure the "beautiful features" of Russia, except for care. Maybe it's because of pity?
The poet loves his country. This is the hidden reason for the lack of pity towards her. would kill the pride of Russia, would humiliate her dignity. If we correlate a large country with a single person, we get a good example of the relationship between pity and humiliation. A person who has been pitied by being told how poor and unhappy he is loses not only his self-esteem, but sometimes his desire to live, as he begins to understand his own worthlessness.
All difficulties must be conquered with your head held high, without expecting sympathy. Perhaps this is what A. A. Blok wants to show us.
The great historical merit of the poet lies in the fact that he connected the past with the present, which we see in many of his poems.
The homeland has become a connecting theme in many of A. Blok's works. It is closely connected with the various motifs of his poems: love, retribution, revolution, the past path and the future path.
So he wrote and it seems he was completely right.
Russia for Alexander Blok is the motherland. The theme of the homeland becomes the main one in the poet's work after the early period of poems about the Beautiful Lady. Blok noted in his diary that he "consciously and irrevocably" devotes his life to the theme of the motherland. The beginning of the 20th century is a time of unprecedented changes, historical events that have not been seen before not only in Russia, but throughout the world.
To comprehend such events and convey them to the minds and hearts of compatriots is a task that only a real poet can solve, which was Alexander Blok. In 1908, he created the historical cycle "On the Kulikovo Field" and wrote the poem "Russia".
The lyrical hero of the poem "Russia" is the poet himself. The poet's appeal to Russia is imbued with a feeling of sincere quivering love, comparable to first love ("like tears of first love ..."). Russia appears before the reader in the image of a Russian beauty, endowed with “robber beauty” and wearing, according to Russian custom, “patterned headdress to the eyebrows”. Willfulness and humility - such an antithesis unfolds from stanza to stanza with contextual antonyms: gold - gray, cross - robbery, robbery - beautiful, rings - deaf, deceives - you will not be lost - and draws the image of the great people's Russia as accurately and completely as possible.
A cart drawn by exhausted horses, gray huts, endless forests and fields, noisy rivers carrying not only water, but also streams of human tears, paths-roads to prisons - another antithesis to the image of the beauty of Russia.
The feeling of love is imbued with pain and bitterness at the sight of poverty and “gray huts”, filled with inescapable longing, spilling over with folk songs: “... the dull song of the coachman rings with anguished longing!” Using such details of the image of Russia as a song, tears and a handkerchief, the author paints a picture of the motherland, strong in spirit and protected by a shroud of God: "You will not be lost, you will not perish ..". The motive of the path from the first lines of the poem to the last, as well as the image of the cross, expand the poet's thought about the complex, but surmountable great destiny of Russia.
The poet believes in Russia (“And I carefully bear my cross ...”, “And the impossible is possible, The road is long and easy ...”), because he loves her.
Updated: 2018-04-26
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Useful material on the topic
- Answer to tasks #8 and #15. How is the main conflict of the work outlined in this episode of "Fathers and Sons"? What feeling is imbued with the poet's appeal to Russia?