Chekhov A.P. - a writer who is known all over the world, whose works, and there are more than nine hundred of them, made up a treasury not only of Russian literature. This is a playwright whose plays are still staged in theaters around the world. A talented prose writer, a reformer of the Russian theater, a doctor.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov short biography
The life of the writer was eventful and it is difficult to convey all the information about Anton Pavlovich Chekhov in a brief biography, but for a general acquaintance it will be enough to get acquainted with Chekhov and his biography, as well as briefly.
So, the life path of the writer, then still the future, begins in 1860 in the city of Taganrog. At that time, Anton was born into the family of a merchant. From an early age, he studies at a Greek school, and after that, he becomes a student of a gymnasium, at the same time helping his father in the shop. It was within the walls of the gymnasium that the love for the theater woke up, here he began to try his hand at writing small works, creating small sketches.
After graduating from high school, he entered the Faculty of Medicine, after which he received the profession of a county doctor. While studying at Moscow University, he writes humoresques, which are published in various publications. The first collection was published in 1884, just in the year of completion of the university. These were the stories of the Tales of Melpomene.
After studying, he works as a doctor, continuing to write. At first, all his works were of a humorous nature, but under the influence of Grigorovich, Suvorin, Chekhov's works began to acquire a serious content, while their volume became larger.
When the writer faced a crisis, when he felt the lack of life experience to write further stories and works, he decided to travel. So he had a trip to Sakhalin Island. Impressed by the life of the convicts, upon returning home, the book “Sakhalin Island”, “In Exile” comes out from under the pen.
By the way, Chekhov's life and his brief biography will also be interesting for children, since he devoted several works to children, although, in fact, he was not a children's writer. Among his works for children are "Kashtanka" and "White-fronted".
After the trip, the writer lives in Moscow, and in 1892, having bought an estate in the Moscow region, he moves to Melikhovo, where he helps the needy, treats peasants, and contributes to the construction of a school. Here in the estate he writes further. The world saw such works as "The Lady with the Dog", "The Man in the Case", writes the plays "The Seagull", "Three Sisters", "The Cherry Orchard" and more.
Since 1899, when his health deteriorated and deteriorated, he traveled to Yalta, where he married the actress Knipper. Since his condition did not improve, he went to Germany with the hope of improving his health, but he did not return alive.
Chekhov dies in the German resort of Badenweiler. After his body was transported to Russia, he was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Among the life and biography of Chekhov there are many interesting facts. So, it is generally accepted that Chekhov was short, but in fact his height was more than 180 cm.
For a very long time, no one even suspected Chekhov's illness, and meanwhile, he had been ill with consumption for more than twenty years.
His works, especially early ones, rarely signed with the name Chekhov. Most often he uses aliases. And he has about fifty of them, and these were funny nicknames, such as Man without a spleen. Zevulya, Uncle.
The writer liked animals. Dachshunds are among my favorite dog breeds.
He died in the arms of his wife, who survived the writer by 55 years.
Darwin Charles Robert (1809-1882), English naturalist, creator of the theory of the origin of species through natural selection.
Born February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury. The son of a doctor, Charles showed an interest in wildlife from early childhood, which was greatly facilitated by his grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a famous naturalist. At the request of his father, Charles entered the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh.
Soon, seeing his son's indifference to medical sciences, his father suggested that he choose the profession of a priest, and in 1828 Darwin began to study theology at Cambridge. Here he met a brilliant specialist in the field of natural sciences J. S. Henslow and an expert in the geology of Wales A. Sedgwick. Communication with them, excursions and work in the field prompted Charles to abandon his career as a clergyman.
On the recommendation of Henslow, he took part as a naturalist in a round-the-world voyage on the Beagle. During this expedition, which lasted from December 1831 to October 1836, Darwin crossed three oceans, visited Tenerife, the Cape Verde Islands, Brazil, Argentina, Patagonia, Chile, Galapagos, Tahiti, New Zealand, Tasmania and other countries. His duties included collecting collections and describing the plants and animals of the British colonies in South America.
In Brazil and Uruguay, Darwin discovered 80 species of birds, and also found the jaw of a Megatherium, an extinct giant sloth, and a tooth of a fossil horse. These finds, indicating that the animal world of Latin America was once completely different, made him think about the reasons for the change and development of nature. Linking the evolution of living organisms with changes in living conditions, he suggested that the emergence of new species is subject to certain patterns.
Darwin's stay in the Galapagos served as the final impetus for the formalization of reflections into a scientific theory. This corner of the earth is practically isolated from the rest of the world, and using the example of local bird species, it was possible to trace the ways in which living forms change depending on the state of the environment.
Darwin returned home with a load of collections and diary entries. He began processing materials in London, then continued to work in Down, a small town near the capital.
The very first articles on geology and biology, based on the data obtained during the trip, put Darwin among the largest scientists in Great Britain (in particular, he put forward his version of the formation of coral reefs). But his main business was the creation of a new evolutionary theory.
In 1858 he decided to publish it in the press.
A year later, when Darwin turned 50, his fundamental work "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Breeds in the Struggle for Life" was published and made a real sensation, and not only in the scientific world.
In 1871, Darwin developed his teachings in The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection: he considered the arguments in favor of the fact that people are descended from an ape-like ancestor.
Darwin's views formed the basis of the materialistic theory of the evolution of the organic world of the Earth and, in general, served to enrich and develop scientific ideas about the origin of biological species.
On the night of April 18, 1882, Darwin suffered a heart attack; he died a day later. Buried in Westminster Abbey.
aliases: Antosha Chekhonte, My brother's brother, Man without a spleen and etc.
Russian writer, prose writer, playwright; classic of world literature, one of the most famous playwrights in the world
Anton Chekhov
short biography
The largest Russian writer, playwright, classic of world literature. Of the about 900 works written by him, a considerable number entered the treasury not only of Russian literature; performances based on his plays still do not leave the theater stage in different parts of the world.
Anton Pavlovich was born on January 29 (January 17, O.S.) 1860 in the Yekaterinoslav province, Taganrog. His father was a merchant, and his sons, including Anton, helped him in the shop from an early age. In addition, they sang every morning in the church choir, so their childhood was far from cloudless and carefree at times.
After graduating from the local Greek school, 8-year-old Chekhov became a student at the gymnasium, which at that time in southern Russia was one of the oldest educational institutions with rich traditions. This period of biography was extremely important for his development as a person and a writer. As a high school student, he fell in love with reading and theater, and his worldview was formed here. Within the walls of the gymnasium, he first tried his hand at literature, began to write short humorous stories and sketches.
After graduating in 1879, Chekhov entered Moscow University, the Faculty of Medicine. By the same time, he made his debut in the Dragonfly magazine, which in 1880 published a freshman's story "A Letter to a Learned Neighbor" and his own humorous sketch "What is most often found in novels, stories, etc." Subsequently, Chekhov continued to create within the framework of small literary forms: his feuilletons, humoresques, stories appeared in the humorous publications "Alarm Clock", "Spectator", "Shards". Chekhov signed his works with various pseudonyms - Chekhonte, Brother of my brother, Man without a spleen, etc.
In 1882, he already had his first collection of stories ready, but he never saw the light of day (it is possible that censorship did not let him through), but two years later, in 1884, the collection of stories “Tales of Melpomene” was published . This year turned out to be notable also for the end of studies, the receipt of a diploma of a county doctor. Chekhov began his professional career at the Chikinskaya hospital, later his place of work was Zvenigorod.
During 1885-1886. A.P. Chekhov was true to himself as an author of short stories, mostly of a humorous nature. However, older brothers in writing - D. Grigorovich, V. Bilibin, A. Suvorin - expressed regret over the waste of talent on such "small things". The novice writer heeded these recommendations, and gradually his stories acquired a greater volume and seriousness of content.
An important evidence of the restructuring of the way of thinking was the travel of 1887. Having noticeably reduced cooperation with humorous publications, he traveled around his native southern region, and later visited the Caucasus and the Crimea. The result of his stay in the south was the writing of the story "Steppe", with which he made his debut in the thick magazine "Northern Messenger". Critics did not leave this work without attention. Subsequently, Chekhov collaborated not only with Severny Vestnik, but also with Life and Russian Thought; saw the light of a number of individual works and collections, and in 1888 his "At Twilight" were awarded half of the Pushkin Prize. The public did not miss a single of his new works, the fame and authority of Chekhov the writer was steadily growing. Second half of the 80s. was marked by intensive work on dramatic works.
Despite the external well-being of the writer's fate, Chekhov remained dissatisfied with his work, he felt a lack of knowledge of life. A proven means came to the rescue - a trip, this time to Sakhalin Island, a place where convicts were exiled. For some time Chekhov kept the decision to go there a secret, and when in January 1890 he shared his plan with his acquaintances, it made a real sensation in society. Having arrived on the island on July 23, 1890, the writer spent several months in active communication with the local inhabitants, collected a rich card index about the inhabitants of Sakhalin, and, contrary to the ban of the local administration, contacted political prisoners. After a long journey, on December 19 he arrived in Tula, where he was met by relatives. The next 5 years were devoted to writing a book of essay and journalistic nature "Sakhalin Island". As the writer himself admitted, this journey played an extremely important role in his further creative biography.
Returning from Sakhalin, A. Chekhov lived in Moscow until 1892, and then until 1899 lived in the Melikhovo estate he bought in the Moscow region. There he treated the peasants, contributed to the construction of schools, provided assistance to the poorest population and, of course, continued to write. For the period of the so-called. Melikhovsky seat, 42 works came out from under his pen, among which are the most famous “Man in a Case”, “Lady with a Dog”, “Ward No. 6”, etc. It is generally accepted that 1893 marked the beginning of a new stage in creative activity, during which the famous plays "The Seagull" (1896), "Uncle Vanya" (1897), "Three Sisters" (1900-1901), "The Cherry Orchard" (1903-1904) were created; all of them entered the repertoire of the Moscow Art Theatre, opened in 1898.
In 1899, Chekhov left the estate near Moscow and settled in Yalta, in the house he built. The death of his father and the deterioration of his condition due to tuberculosis prompted the writer to move. In 1901, he marries O. Knipper, an actress of the Moscow Art Theater, and visits Moscow only on short visits. Many famous personalities visited Chekhov's Yalta house, in particular, I. Bunin, M. Gorky, Leo Tolstoy and others. In 1902, Anton Pavlovich refused the title of honorary academician awarded to him two years earlier, thereby protesting against the fact that Nikolai II deprived M. Gorky of the same title.
In 1904, Chekhov went to improve his health at a German resort, in Badenweiler. Here, on July 15 (July 2, O.S.), 1904, he died, his body was brought to Russia and on July 22 was buried in the Assumption Church, at the monastery cemetery, near his father. When the cemetery in the Novodevichy Convent was abolished, the remains of the writer were reburied in 1933 in the cemetery located behind the monastery.
Biography from Wikipedia
Childhood and youth
Born on January 17 (29), 1860 in Taganrog in a small adobe house on Police Street (now Chekhov Street), in the family of a merchant of the third guild, owner of a grocery store, Pavel Yegorovich Chekhov (1825, Olkhovatka village, Ostrozhsky district, Voronezh province, - 12.10. 1898, Moscow) and (marriage since October 28, 1854) Evgenia Yakovlevna Chekhova, nee Morozova (10/24/1835, Fofanovo village, Shuisky district, - 01/03/1919, Yalta), daughter of Alexandra Ivanovna Morozova. He was the third child in a family of 6 children: 5 sons and a daughter.
Anton's father, Pavel Egorovich Chekhov, was born into the family of a serf peasant Yegor Mikhailovich Chekhov in the village of Olkhovatka, Ostrogozhsky district, Voronezh province. In his letter to the writer A. I. Ertel, A. P. Chekhov writes: “My surname also originates from the Voronezh bowels, from the Ostrogozhsky district. My grandfather and father were serfs at Chertkov.” Since 1840, Yegor Mikhailovich Chekhov worked at the Olkhovatsky sugar factory of A. D. Chertkov. In 1841, the writer's grandfather bought himself free, also buying his family from the landowner Chertkov. E. M. Chekhov was assigned to the Rostov philistines.
Anton's early childhood passed in endless church holidays and name days. On weekdays after school, the brothers guarded their father's shop, and at 5 o'clock in the morning they got up every day to sing in the church choir. As Chekhov himself said: "As a child, I did not have a childhood."
Chekhov's education began at the Greek school in Taganrog; On August 23, 1868, he entered the preparatory class of the Taganrog gymnasium, which was the oldest educational institution in southern Russia (founded in 1806 as a commercial gymnasium, since 1866 - classical). In the gymnasium, his vision of the world, his love for books and the theater was formed; here he received his first literary pseudonym - "Chekhonte", which he was awarded by the teacher of the Law of God, Fyodor Platonovich Pokrovsky; here began his first literary and stage experiments.
Music and books awakened in young Chekhov the desire for creativity. A major role in this was played by the Taganrog theater, which Anton visited for the first time at the age of 13; saw Jacques Offenbach's operetta La Belle Helena and soon became a passionate admirer of theatrics. Later, in one of his letters, Chekhov wrote: The theater once gave me a lot of good things ... Before, there was no greater pleasure for me than to sit in the theater ...» It is no coincidence that the heroes of his first works, such as Tragedian, Comedian, Benefit Performance, No wonder the chicken sang, were actors and actresses. Anton took part in the home performances of his gymnasium friend Andrei Drossi.
Chekhov, a schoolboy, published humorous magazines in which he came up with captions for drawings, wrote stories and sketches. The first drama "Fatherlessness" was written by him at the age of 18 while studying at the gymnasium. This period in Chekhov's life was an important stage in the maturation and formation of his personality, the development of its spiritual foundations, and gave him enormous material for writing. The most typical and colorful figures will appear later on the pages of his works. Perhaps one of these figures was his mathematics teacher Edmund Dzerzhinsky, the father of F. E. Dzerzhinsky, the future first chairman of the Cheka.
In 1876, Chekhov's father went bankrupt, sold his property in Taganrog, including the house, for debts, and left for Moscow, fleeing from creditors. Anton was left destitute and earned his living by private lessons.
In 1879 he graduated from the gymnasium in Taganrog, moved to Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University (now the First Moscow State Medical University named after I. M. Sechenov), where he studied with famous professors: N. V. Sklifosovsky, G. A. Zakharyin and others. In the same year, Anton's brother Ivan received a teacher's job in the town of Voskresensk near Moscow. He was given a large apartment that could accommodate a whole family. The Chekhovs, who lived closely in Moscow, came to Ivan in Voskresensk for the summer. There, in 1881, Anton Chekhov met Dr. P. A. Arkhangelsky, head of the Resurrection Hospital (Chikinsky Hospital). From 1882, as a student, he already helped the doctors of the hospital in receiving patients. In 1884, Chekhov graduated from the university course and began working as a county doctor at the Chikinskaya hospital. According to the memoirs of P. A. Arkhangelsky:
Anton Pavlovich did the work slowly, sometimes his actions expressed, as it were, uncertainty; but he did everything with attention and visible love for the work, especially with love for the patient who passed through his hands.<…>The mental state of the patient has always attracted special attention of Anton Pavlovich, and along with the usual medicines, he attached great importance to the impact on the patient's psyche from the doctor and the environment.
Then he worked in Zvenigorod, where for some time he was in charge of the hospital.
Formation
On December 24, 1879, as a first-year student, Chekhov published the story “Letter to a learned neighbor” and the humoresque “What is most often found in novels, stories, etc.” in the Dragonfly magazine. It was his debut in print.
In subsequent years, Chekhov wrote stories, feuilletons, humoresques - "little things" under the pseudonyms "Antosha Chekhonte" and "The Man Without a Spleen" or their variants, or without a signature at all - in publications of the "small press", mostly humorous: Moscow magazines "Alarm clock ”, “Spectator”, etc. and in the St. Petersburg humorous weeklies “Shards”, “Dragonfly”. Chekhov collaborated with the Petersburg newspaper (since 1884, with interruptions), with the Suvorin newspaper Novoye Vremya (1886-1893) and with Russkiye Vedomosti (1893-1899).
In 1882, Chekhov prepared the first collection of short stories, Prank, but it was not published, perhaps due to censorship difficulties. In 1884, a collection of his stories "Tales of Melpomene" was published (signed "A. Chekhonte").
In 1883 he became one of the founders of the Russian Gymnastic Society.
1885-1886 - the heyday of Chekhov as a "fictionist-miniaturist" - the author of short, mostly humorous stories. At that time, by his own admission, he wrote a story a day. Contemporaries believed that he would remain in this genre, but in the spring of 1886 the writer received a letter from the famous Russian writer Dmitry Grigorovich, where he criticized Chekhov for spending his talent on "little things." " Starve better, as we once starved, save your impressions for thoughtful work (...) One such work will be a hundred times more appreciated by hundreds of beautiful stories scattered at different times in newspapers", - wrote Grigorovich. Subsequently, Aleksey Suvorin, Viktor Bilibin and Aleksey Pleshcheev joined Grigorovich's advice.
In the editorial office of Russian Thought: A. P. Chekhov, I. I. Ivanyukov, V. A. Goltsev, M. N. Remezov, M. A. Sablin, V. M. Lavrov, I. N. Potapenko
Chekhov heeded this advice. From 1887 he contributed less and less to humorous magazines; cooperation with "Budilnik" was interrupted. His stories became longer and more serious. The important changes that took place then with Chekhov are also indicated by the desire to travel that appeared. In the same year he went on a journey to the south, to his native places; later he traveled to the "Gogol places", to the Crimea, to the Caucasus. A trip to the south revived Chekhov's memories of his youth spent there and gave him material for The Steppe, his first work in the thick magazine Severny Vestnik. The debut in such a magazine attracted a lot of attention from critics, much more than any previous work of the writer.
In the autumn of 1887, references appeared in Chekhov's letters about the work on the novel "in 1500 lines". It continued until 1889, when Chekhov, weary of a work of such a large size, finally abandoned his plan. " I am pleased to- he wrote on January 7 to Suvorin, - that 2-3 years ago I did not obey Grigorovich and did not write a novel! I imagine how much good I would have done if I had obeyed.<…>In addition to the abundance of material and talent, something else is needed, no less important. You need maturity - this is the time; secondly, it is necessary a sense of personal freedom , and this feeling began to flare up in me only recently».
Obviously, it was precisely the lack of these properties that Chekhov was dissatisfied with in the late 1880s, which prompted him to travel. But he remained dissatisfied even after these trips; he needed a new, great journey. His options were a round-the-world trip, a trip to Central Asia, Persia, Sakhalin. In the end, he settled on the latter option.
But despite Chekhov's own dissatisfaction with himself, his fame grew. After the release of The Steppe and Boring History, the attention of critics and readers was riveted to each of his new works. On October 7 (19), 1888, he receives half the Pushkin Prize of the Academy of Sciences for the third collection, published in the previous, 1887, "At Twilight". In the corresponding resolution of the academic commission, it was written that "the stories of Mr. Chekhov, although they do not fully meet the requirements of the highest art criticism, nevertheless represent an outstanding phenomenon in our modern fiction literature."
At the end of the 1880s, a feature appeared in Chekhov's manner that some contemporaries considered an advantage, others a disadvantage - the deliberate impassivity of the description, the emphasized absence of the author's assessment. The stories “I want to sleep”, “Women” and “Princess” are especially distinguished by this feature.
Sakhalin
"Sakhalin Island" and the reaction of officials. Russian Thought, 1893, No. 12, 1894, No. 4.
The decision to go specifically to Sakhalin was finally made, apparently, in the summer of 1889, after discussing this intention with the artist K. A. Karatygina, who traveled through Siberia and Sakhalin in the late 1870s. But Chekhov hid this intention for a long time even from those closest to him; informing Karatygina about it, he asked to keep it a secret. He revealed this secret only in January 1890, which made a great impression on society. This impression was also strengthened by the "suddenness" of the decision, because already in the spring of that year Chekhov went on a trip.
The journey through Siberia took 82 days, during which the writer wrote nine essays, united under the title "From Siberia".
Chekhov arrived on Sakhalin on July 11 (23). During several months of his stay on it, he communicated with people, learned the stories of their lives, the reasons for their exile, and collected rich material for his notes. Chekhov conducted, in his own words, a complete census of the population of Sakhalin, filling out several thousand cards for the inhabitants of the island. The administration of the island strictly forbade communication with political prisoners, but the writer violated this ban.
Chekhov returned from Sakhalin by sea, on the Dobroflot steamer "Petersburg". In Vladivostok, where the ship lay from October 14 (26) to October 19 (31), Chekhov worked in the library of the Society for the Study of the Amur Territory, collecting additional materials for a book about Sakhalin. Then there were Hong Kong, Singapore, Ceylon, the Suez Canal, Constantinople, Odessa. Finally, on December 7 (19), 1890, his relatives met him in Tula.
In the next 5 years, Chekhov wrote the book Sakhalin Island. As for artistic creation, the trip to Sakhalin, by Chekhov's own admission, had a huge impact on all his subsequent works.
In 2005, for the first time in Russia, on Sakhalin, the materials of the Sakhalin census by A.P. Chekhov were published in one edition “Perhaps my numbers will come in handy ...” The publication published all 10,000 questionnaires filled out by its respondents in 1890.
Later years
Isaac Levitan - Portrait of A. P. Chekhov (1885-1886)
From 1890 to 1895, upon returning to Moscow from a trip to Sakhalin, Chekhov settled in a small two-story outbuilding on Malaya Dmitrovka. Here he worked on the book "Sakhalin Island", the stories "The Jumper", "Duel", "Ward No. 6", and also met with writers V. G. Korolenko, D. V. Grigorovich, V. A. Gilyarovsky, P. D. Boborykin, D. S. Merezhkovsky, V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, famous actors A. P. Lensky and A. I. Yuzhin, artist I. I. Levitan. The wing has survived to our time and is marked with a memorial plaque with a bas-relief of the writer.
From 1892 to 1899, Chekhov lived in the Melikhovo estate near Moscow, where one of the main Chekhov museums now operates. During the years of "Melikhov's sitting" 42 works were written. He later traveled extensively in Europe. In 1899 he sold the ownership of his works, which were written and would be written over the next twenty years, to the book publisher Adolf Marx. At the end of 1898, the writer bought a plot of land in Yalta, where a garden was laid out and a house was built according to the project of architect L. N. Shapovalov. In recent years, Chekhov, whose tuberculosis has worsened, constantly lives in his house near Yalta to improve his health, only occasionally coming to Moscow, where his wife (since 1901), artist Olga Leonardovna Knipper, occupies one of the prominent places in the troupe formed in 1898 year of the Moscow Art Theatre.
In 1900, at the very first election to the category of belles-lettres of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences, Chekhov was elected to the number of honorary academicians in the category of belles-lettres. In 1902, Chekhov, together with V. G. Korolenko, refused the title of academician after the order of Emperor Nicholas II to annul the election of Maxim Gorky to honorary academicians.
Death
For a long time it was believed that Chekhov died of tuberculosis. In the writer’s medical history, which was kept in the clinic by his attending physician Maxim Maslov, it is recorded that in his gymnasium and student years Chekhov was ill with tuberculous inflammation of the peritoneum, but he felt “pressure in the sternum” at the age of 10. Since 1884, Chekhov suffered from bleeding from his right lung.
Some researchers believed that the trip to Sakhalin played a fatal role in the life of the writer - there was a muddy road, and they had to travel thousands of kilometers on horseback, in damp clothes and soaking wet boots (Chekhov himself and his relatives associated the disease with the trip). Others called the cause of the exacerbation of the tuberculosis process frequent travel from Yalta to Moscow at the most unfavorable time for health.
In the summer of 1904, Chekhov went to a resort in Germany. On July 2 (15), 1904, the writer died in Badenweiler, Germany. The denouement came on the night of July 1-2, 1904. According to his wife Olga Leonardovna, at the beginning of the night Chekhov woke up and “for the first time in his life he himself asked to send for a doctor. Then he ordered to give champagne. Anton Pavlovich sat down and somehow significantly, loudly said to the doctor in German (he knew very little German): "Ich sterbe." Then he repeated for the student or for me in Russian: “I am dying.” Then he took a glass, turned his face to me, smiled his amazing smile, said: “I haven’t drunk champagne for a long time ...”, calmly drank everything to the bottom, quietly lay down on his left side and soon fell silent forever.
In 2018, data were published by scientists from the Quadram Institute of Biological Sciences, Norwich, UK, who studied the chemical composition of samples taken from a signed postcard and his manuscripts, as well as from a blood-stained shirt that the writer was wearing at the time of death. In the course of the study, in addition to proteins indicating the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, proteins were also found in the samples that contributed to the formation of a blood clot, which led to blockage of blood vessels and subsequent cerebral hemorrhage, which scientists considered the direct cause of the writer's death.
The removal from the car of the coffin with the body of A.P. Chekhov. Nikolaevsky railway station, 1904
The coffin with the body of the writer was delivered to Moscow in a wagon with the inscription "Oysters". Someone took this as a mockery of the great writer, but at the beginning of the 20th century, few cars were equipped with refrigeration units. On July 9 (22), 1904, the funeral took place. A funeral service was held in the Dormition Church of the Novodevichy Convent. Chekhov was buried right there behind the Assumption Church in the monastery cemetery, next to the grave of his father. A wooden cross with an icon and a lantern for a lamp was placed on the grave. On the anniversary of the death of A.P. Chekhov on July 2 (15), 1908, a new marble monument was opened on the grave, made in the Art Nouveau style according to the project of the artist L.M. Brailovsky. In 1933, after the abolition of the cemetery on the territory of the Novodevichy Convent, at the request OL Knipper Chekhov was reburied in the cemetery behind the southern wall of the monastery. On November 16, 1933, in the presence of a few relatives and close acquaintances of the writer, his grave was opened, and the coffin in his arms was moved to a new location. Soon both tombstones were transferred here - A.P. Chekhov and his father (at the same time, the burial place of P.E. Chekhov was left in the old place).
Creation
Dramaturgy
Chekhov began to write dramatic works in the 70s of the XIX century. While studying at the gymnasium, he composed plays, most of which have not survived to this day. In his second year, he wrote a drama, which is now staged under the name "Platonov". In 1885, he wrote the sketch “On the High Road”, which was not allowed to be staged by the censors. His plays: “Swan Song (Kalkhas)”, “Ivanov”, “Bear”, “Proposal” were printed and staged from 1887.
In 1886, the writer wrote a monologue scene "On the dangers of tobacco." The scene was published in the Petersburg newspaper and in the collection Motley Stories.
In the years 1883-1887, Chekhov wrote sketches, humoresques and parodies in a dramatic form: “The Fool, or the Captain in Retirement” (1883), “Unclean Tragedians and Lepers Playwrights” (1884); "The Ideal Exam" (1884); "Mess in Rome" (1884); "Language will bring to Kyiv" (1884); "Gentlemen" (1884); "At the bedside" (1884); "On the Moon" (1885); "Drama" (1886); "Before the Eclipse" (1887).
Some dramatic sketches are the author's adaptations of his stories. So the sketch "On the High Road" is a remake of the story "In Autumn" (1883), "Swan Song (Kalkhas)" - the story "Kalkhas" (1886). For the theater, the writer created vaudevilles "Bear" and "Proposal".
Some plays created by the playwright in 1870-1880 remained unknown to readers for various reasons. These include the plays: “Taras Bulba”, vaudeville “Found a scythe on a stone” (1878), vaudeville “It was not for nothing that the chicken sang” (1878), vaudeville “The Shaved Secretary with a Pistol”, a parody of the play by Boleslav Markevich “Children of Life”, vaudeville "Hamlet, Prince of Denmark" (1887).
In the 80s of the XIX century, Chekhov created his first significant dramatic work - the play "Ivanov". The play in four acts "The Seagull" was written in 1895-1896, published in the journal "Russian Thought" in 1896. The play in four acts "Three Sisters" was written in 1900, "The Cherry Orchard" - in 1903, "Uncle Vanya" - in 1896.
Cover of the first separate edition of the play "Three Sisters" (1901) with portraits of the first performers in the Art Theater: M. G. Savitskaya (Olga), O. L. Knipper (Masha) and M. F. Andreeva (Irina)
Features of dramaturgy
The originality of Chekhov's plays was noticed by his contemporaries at the first productions. At first it was perceived as Chekhov's inability to cope with the task of consistent dramatic movement. The reviewers talked about the lack of "theatricality", about the "extension", about the "lack of action", about the "disorderly dialogue", about the "scattered composition" and the weakness of the plot. Theater criticism increasingly reproached Chekhov for introducing unnecessary details of everyday life into his plays and thereby violating all the laws of stage action. However, for Anton Pavlovich himself, the reproduction of the sphere of everyday life was an indispensable condition - otherwise the meaning of the whole idea would be lost for him. Chekhov said:
In Chekhov's dramaturgy, contrary to all traditions, events are relegated to the periphery as a short-term detail, and the usual, even, daily repeating, familiar to everyone, constitutes the main body of the entire content of the play. Almost all of Chekhov's plays are built on a detailed description of everyday life, through which the readers are conveyed the peculiarities of the feelings, moods, characters and relationships of the characters. The selection of everyday lines is carried out according to the principle of their significance in the general emotional content of life.
Often Chekhov uses the so-called "random" lines of characters. At the same time, the dialogue is continuously torn, broken and confused in some completely extraneous and unnecessary trifles. However, such dialogues and remarks in Chekhov's general stage context carry out their purpose not by the direct objective meaning of their content, but by the vital well-being that is manifested in them.
K. S. Stanislavsky and Vl. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko noticed the most essential principle in the dramatic movement of Chekhov's plays, the so-called "undercurrent". It was they who first revealed the presence of a continuous internal intimate-lyrical flow behind externally everyday episodes and details and made every effort to convey a new interpretation of Chekhov's drama to the viewer. Thanks to Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, the contagious power of Chekhov's plays became evident.
Aliases of Chekhov
Like any writer-humorist, Chekhov used dozens of various pseudonyms. Until now, they have not been fully disclosed, since Chekhov himself, when preparing the collected works for A.F. Marx, could not remember the belonging of all his early stories. The function of the humorist's pseudonym was not so much to hide the true authorship, but to amuse the reader, to intrigue him (hence the variability, deliberate confusion - the reader had to try to guess the authorship of the story himself). Often a pseudonym is a necessary element of the composition of a particular story, part of a literary farce and cannot be correctly revealed outside of its context. In rare cases, the background of this or that Chekhov's pseudonym could be known only to a narrow circle of his acquaintances and required additional decoding. Below is a list of the writer's pseudonyms known by the end of the 20th century:
- A. Actress
- A. Dostoynov-Blagorodnov
- A.P.
- A.P.
- Academician Toto
- Akaki Tarantulov
- Antosha
- Antosha C.
- Antosha Ch.***
- Antosha Chekhonte
- A-n Ch-te
- An. Ch.
- An. Ch-e
- An. Che-in
- Arkady Tarantulov
- A. Ch.
- A. Qty
- A. Che-in
- A. Ch-x-v
- A. Chekhonte
- G. B-v
- G. Baldastov
- Makar Baldastov
- Buckle
- N. N. Borisov
- My brother's brother
- doctor without patients
- hot man
- Nut #5 3/4
- Nut No. 6
- Nut #9
- Count Chernomordik
- Goudiyadi Janos
- Two Ajax (with V. V. Bilibin)
- Don Antonio Chekhonte
- uncle
- Kislyaev
- M. Kovrov
- Nettle
- Laertes
- someone
- A. Pavlov
- Panko
- Colonel Kochkarev
- prose poet
- Ruver
- Ruver and Revoor
- Ulysses
- C.B.S.
- Ch. without s.
- Pers. b. spleen.
- Man without a spleen
- Chekhonte
- Ch. Khonte, A.
- Tsyntsynnatus
- champagne
- Schiller Shakespearevic Goethe
- Homo Sachaliensis
At the insistence of A. S. Suvorin, Chekhov began to publish his “serious” works in Novoye Vremya under the full name, while continuing the tradition of a literary pseudonym in humorous journalism.
Bibliography
The meaning of creativity
- The book "Sakhalin Island" became an artistic document of the era.
- Chekhov stands at the origins of tragicomedy.
- In his work, the best examples in Russian literature of all genre varieties of "small prose" are given.
- Chekhov's dramaturgy has become a "visiting card" of Russian literature in the world.
- Chekhov's call "Take care of the person in yourself" is eternal.
- Chekhov's artistic discoveries had a huge impact on the literature and theater of the 20th century. His dramatic works, translated into many languages, have become an integral part of the world theatrical repertoire.
Chekhov created new moves in literature, greatly influencing the development of the modern short story. The originality of his creative method lies in the use of a technique called "stream of consciousness" (later adopted by James Joyce and other modernists) and the absence of a final moral, so necessary for the structure of the classic story of that time. Chekhov did not seek to give answers to the reading public, but believed that the role of the author was to ask questions, not to answer them.
In 1896, after the failure of The Seagull, Chekhov, who had already written several plays by that time, renounced the theater. However, in 1898, the production of The Seagull by the Moscow Art Theater, founded by Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, was a huge success with the public and critics. After that, Chekhov returned to dramaturgy and created three more masterpieces: "Uncle Vanya", "Three Sisters" and "The Cherry Orchard".
It was Chekhov who, in his stories, for the first time in Russian literature, vividly demonstrated the image of a provincial inhabitant, devoid of any outlook, thirst for activity, good aspirations, and the need for action. Chekhov, like no one else, showed how dangerous for the individual and for society is such a social phenomenon as the philistine ("Ionych", "Teacher of Literature").
Chekhov was one of the first classical writers who fully denounced vulgarity, unwillingness to live a full, eventful life. In Chekhov's works, we see a moral call for the inner freedom of man, spiritual purification. His later stories are thoroughly permeated with an inner spiritual cry: “It’s impossible to live like this anymore!”. M. Gorky wrote about the significance of Chekhov's work:
No one understood as clearly and subtly as Anton Chekhov, the tragedy of the little things in life, no one before him could so mercilessly, truthfully draw people a shameful and dreary picture of their life in the dull chaos of the philistine everyday life. His enemy was vulgarity; he struggled with it all his life, he ridiculed her and portrayed her with a passionless, sharp pen, being able to find the charm of vulgarity even where at first glance it seemed that everything was arranged very well, conveniently, even with brilliance ...
Chekhov the writer and Chekhov the doctor
Chekhov entered the medical faculty of Moscow University in 1879 and graduated in 1884. He was a very conscientious student who attended the lectures of professors Babukhin, Zakharyin, Klein, Foght, Snegirev, Ostroumov, Kozhevnikov, Erisman, Sklifosovsky. Since 1881, he began the practice of a doctor under Dr. P. A. Arkhangelsky in the Chikinskaya zemstvo hospital in the Zvenigorod district of the Moscow province. According to his own testimony, he "does not repent that he went to the medical faculty."
After graduating from university, Chekhov tried to take a vacancy as a pediatrician in one of the children's clinics, but for some unknown reason this appointment did not happen.
Having received a medical diploma, Chekhov placed a sign on the door of his apartment: Dr. A.P. Chekhov”, he continues to treat incoming patients and visit the seriously ill at home. “Medicine is progressing a little. I'm flying and I'm flying. Every day you have to spend more than a ruble on a cab driver. I have a lot of acquaintances, and therefore, a lot of patients. Half have to be treated for nothing, while the other half pay me five and three rubles. - January 31, 1885 to M.E. Chekhov.
Portrait of Chekhov
works by O. Braz, GTG. From Chekhov's letter to his sister: “They say that I am very similar, but the portrait does not seem interesting to me. There is something in it that is not mine and there is nothing mine. ”
However, Chekhov refused the offer to take a permanent place in the Zvenigorod hospital, at the same time replacing the head of the zemstvo hospital during his vacation, doing all the routine work of a county doctor: forensic autopsies, testimonies in courts as a forensic medical expert, etc. There comes a time when Chekhov begins to hesitate in the final choice of his vocation. Medicine becomes both a hindrance to literature and an inexhaustible source for Chekhov's stories.
At that time, he was still preparing for the exams for the degree of doctor of medicine, for which he collected materials on the history of medical practice, but he did not complete his plan, and already in 1887 he removed the doctor's sign. The inevitable failures of the attending physician on the one hand and the Pushkin Prize of the Academy of Sciences for the collection "At Twilight" determined his final choice. From now on, medical practice is relegated to the background, although Chekhov does not leave private medical classes until his departure for Yalta in 1897.
In the depths of his soul, the doctor never died in Chekhov: “I dream of abscesses, edema, lanterns, diarrhea, specks in the eye and other grace. In the summer, I usually receive the paralyzed for half a day, and my sister assists me - this is a fun job ”- V. G. Korolenko, May 1888. One of the motives for the trip to Sakhalin was the desire to "at least pay a little" to medicine. A survey of the sanitary condition of prisons, infirmaries, barracks, local pediatrics shocked Chekhov. The results of his own work in the book "Sakhalin Island" allowed him to say: "Medicine cannot reproach me for treason. I paid due tribute to learning."
The motive of "treason" to medicine varies many times by Chekhov during these years. Either he executes himself, calling himself a “pig” in front of her, or he plays up the following antithesis: “Medicine is my lawful wife, and literature is my mistress. When one gets bored, I spend the night at the other. But the medical environment did not at all reproach Chekhov for the writer's departure from medicine. In 1902, the members of the Pirogov Congress of Doctors in Moscow unanimously thanked the writer for his literary activity, for creating realistic images of medical figures in Russian literature.
And in the mid-1890s, Chekhov still dreamed of his own course in private pathology and therapy at the university. To read, he needs a degree and a dissertation defense. Anton Pavlovich suggests using "Sakhalin Island" as such, but is refused by the dean of the faculty both in defense and in lecturing.
Chekhov voluntarily takes part in the fight against the consequences of famine and the cholera epidemic in 1891-1892, but gradually practical medicine, even in a limited way, begins to weigh on the writer.
His confessions to A.S. Suvorin are widely known: “Oh, how tired I am of the sick! A neighboring landowner was fucked by a nervous shock, and they drag me to him in a lousy shaking britzka. Most of all I'm tired of women with babies and powders that are boring to hang up. (Letter dated August 28, 1891). And before that: "Disgusting hours and days that I'm talking about are only for doctors" - a letter dated August 18 of the same year. His mood does not change the next year, he writes: “My soul is tired. Boring. Not to belong to oneself, to think only of diarrhea, to shudder at night from dogs barking and knocking on the gate (have they come for me?), to ride disgusting horses along unknown roads and read only about cholera and wait only for cholera and at the same time be completely indifferent to this illness and to those people whom you serve - this, my sir, is such an okroshka from which you will not get well ”(letter dated August 16, 1892). “It's not good to be a doctor. It's scary, and boring, and disgusting. The young manufacturer got married, and a week later he calls me "by all means this minute, please": he<…>and the beauty is young<…>An old factory owner marries for 75 years and then complains that his "nucleoli" hurt because he "forced himself." All this is disgusting, I must tell you. A girl with worms in her ear, diarrhea, vomiting, syphilis - ugh!! Sweet sounds and poetry, where are you?" - to the same addressee, August 2, 1893. Another example of “Chekhovian melancholy”: “I am lonely, because everything cholera is alien to my soul, and work that requires constant traveling, talking and petty troubles is tiring for me. No time to write. Literature has long been abandoned, and I am poor and miserable, because I found it convenient for myself and my independence to refuse the remuneration that district doctors receive ”(letter dated August 1, 1892). “I’m already very tired of talking, tired of the sick, especially women, who, when they are being treated, are unusually stupid and stubborn.” (I. I. Gorbunov-Posadov, May 20, 1893).
But even during the years of literary recognition and departure from medical practice, Chekhov felt his connection with the world of medicine, he was interested in the successes of science in this area, he was busy with the medical journals "Surgical Chronicle", "Surgery", which suffered from a lack of funds, for many years he was reader of the newspaper "Vrach" and published in it. In 1895, he took part in the congress of Moscow zemstvo doctors, who gathered in the zemstvo psychiatric hospital in the village of Pokrovsky.
In fact, Chekhov the doctor and Chekhov the writer are not contradictory, it’s just that within the “medical” consciousness of the writer there is a shift in emphasis from the particular to the general: “He who does not know how to think in a medical way, but judges by particulars, denies medicine. Botkin, Zakharyin, Virkhov and Pirogov, undoubtedly smart and gifted people, believe in medicine as in God, because they have grown to the concept of “medicine” ”- Suvorin dated October 18, 1888. As applied to Chekhov himself, this meant the desire to understand, behind the particular symptoms of an individual's ill-being, the essential causes leading to the emergence of conditions that give rise to epidemics, premature aging, and social asymmetry.
Chekhov begins to gravitate toward psychiatry. Such works as “Ward No. 6”, “Seizure” and “Black Monk” could be written not just by any writing doctor, but by a “medically thinking” writer in the understanding of Chekhov. I. I. Yasinsky in "The Novel of My Life" testifies that Chekhov "is extremely interested in all sorts of deviations of the so-called soul." In his opinion, he would have become a psychiatrist if he had not become a writer.
Thanks to Chekhov's "medical" vision, literature owes the appearance in it of a gallery of unique Chekhov's images of doctors (often rude, ignorant, indifferent, but also sensitive, vulnerable, disenfranchised), paramedics, neurasthenics, Chekhov's "gloomy people". His stories are not "doctor's notes" in the narrow sense, they are a diagnosis of an imperfect society. As a practicing doctor, Chekhov received abundant material for artistic generalizations, observing from the inside the life of various social strata. As an observant and intelligent artist, he could only draw his own conclusions.
The paradox was that while depicting doctors mostly as a caricature, somewhat self-ironic, Chekhov insisted on the humane essence of the medical profession, calling on doctors to treat patients with care and tolerance. Largely thanks to Chekhov, the literary archetype of an intellectual doctor, a humanist doctor and an ascetic arose in Russian and world literature.
He was awarded the medal "For the work on the first general population census."
Memory
- In 1954, the village of Lopasnya was transformed into a city of regional subordination Chekhov.
- In memory of the writer, the Moscow city and Moscow regional organizations of the Union of Writers of Russia and the Union of Writers-Translators established the Commemorative Medal of A.P. Chekhov in 2004. According to Ogonyok magazine, Chekhov is one of the ten most "filmed" classics of world literature, and shares second and third place with Charles Dickens.
- Moscow hosts the International Theater Festival named after I. A.P. Chekhov. Established by the International Confederation of Theater Unions.
- Gymnasium No. 2 im. A.P. Chekhov (Taganrog) - the oldest educational institution in the South of Russia (1806).
- Yalta Gymnasium. A. P. Chekhov
- In April 2011, by order of the administration of the Rostov region, the Taganrog State Pedagogical Institute was named after A.P. Chekhov.
- In 1952, the Chekhov Publishing House was established in New York.
- In Badenweiler there is a "German Chekhov Society".
- In December 2010, the Chekhov Society was created in Taganrog, headed by a descendant of Chekhov - Dmitry Mikhailovich Chekhov, a descendant of Chekhov's uncle, Mitrofan Yegorovich Chekhov.
- Education Center No. 170 in Moscow bears the name of A.P. Chekhov.
In numismatics
On December 28, 2009, the Bank of Russia issued four commemorative coins of various denominations dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of A.P. Chekhov (only reverses are shown):
3 rubles from silver
100 rubles from silver
50 rubles from gold
200 rubles from gold
Commemorative coin of the USSR, 1 ruble 1990, issued for the 130th anniversary of A.P. Chekhov
In philately
Postage stamps and envelopes
Postage stamp of the USSR,
1940
Postage stamp of the USSR,
1940
Postage stamp of the USSR,
1940
Postage stamp of the USSR,
1940
Postage stamp of the USSR,
1954
Postage stamp of the USSR,
1959
Postage stamp of the USSR,
1960
Postage stamp of the USSR,
1960
Postal block of Russia for the 150th anniversary of the birth of A.P. Chekhov (CFA [ITC "Marka"] No. 1388)
Postal block of Russia, 2010: works by A.P. Chekhov (CFA [ITC "Marka"] No. 1389-1391)
Postal card of the USSR,
1985
Russian postal envelope,
2004
Foreign releases
Postage stamps dedicated to A.P. Chekhov were issued in the following foreign countries:
- Czechoslovakia - 1954 (Mi #871, 872; Sc #665, 666),
- Romania - 1960 (Mi #1896; Sc #1346),
- Gambia - 2001 (Mi #4159; Sc #2390f),
- San Marino - 2004 (Mi #2171; Sc #1613),
- Monaco - 2010,
- Vatican - 2010.
Museums and libraries
There are 14 Chekhov museums in the world (in Russia and abroad):
- Museum of letters of A.P. Chekhov in Chekhov.
- The Chekhov Museum in Badenweiler (Germany).
- House-Museum of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov in Moscow.
- Alexander Historical and Literary Museum "A. P. Chekhov and Sakhalin (Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy, Sakhalin Region)
- The State Literary and Memorial Museum-Reserve of A.P. Chekhov (the village of Melikhovo, Chekhov District, Moscow Region).
- Museum "House of A.P. Chekhov" in Taganrog.
- Museum "Chekhov's Shop" in Taganrog.
- Chekhov Museum in Sumy.
- Chekhov House Museum (Belaya Dacha) in Yalta.
- Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk City Literary and Art Museum of A.P. Chekhov's book "Sakhalin Island".
- House-museum "Dacha A.P. Chekhov" in Gurzuf (Crimea).
- Museum of A.P. Chekhov in the State Educational Institution Education Center No. 170 named after. A.P. Chekhov, SWAD, Moscow.
- Museum of A.P. Chekhov in the MOU Secondary School. A.P. Chekhova, (Istra, Moscow region)
- Museum of A.P. Chekhov in (Nizhny Nagolchik, Antratsitovsky district, Lugansk region, Ukraine)
Libraries:
- Taganrog city public library. A.P. Chekhov - the oldest library in the south of Russia. Opened May 23, 1876.
- Library named after A.P. Chekhov (branch No. 4 of the MU NTsBS of Novocherkassk).
- Library named after A.P. Chekhov in the city of Omsk.
- Library named after A.P. Chekhov in the city of Azov.
- The library named after A.P. Chekhov in the city of Novosibirsk is the oldest library in the city. Opened July 15, 1907.
Theaters and creative groups
- Chekhov Theatre, Moscow.
- Russian Drama Theater named after A.P. Chekhov, Chisinau.
- Chekhov Yalta Theatre, Yalta.
- Pavlodar Regional Drama Theater named after A.P. Chekhov, Pavlodar.
- Taganrog Drama Theater named after A.P. Chekhov, Taganrog.
- Serov Municipal Drama Theater named after A.P. Chekhov, Serov.
- Theater named after A.P. Chekhov, now the Sakhalin International Theater Center named after A.P. Chekhov in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
- Duet named after Chekhov (Ukraine). Comedy duet consisting of: A. Lirnik, A. Molochny.
- Russian Drama Theater named after A.P. Chekhov, Vilnius.
Hospitals
- Zvenigorod Central City Hospital named after A.P. Chekhov
Sea and river vessels
- The first four-deck river passenger ship of the Q-056 project, built at the shipyard Österreichische Schiffswerften AG Linz Korneuburg (ÖSWAG) in 1978, was named after Anton Chekhov, the flagship of the Soviet and Russian river fleet. The ship is operated by the Orthodox Cruise Company along the Volga and the Don on the route Rostov-on-Don - Moscow.
Astronomical objects
- An asteroid in the main asteroid belt is named after Chekhov.
- A crater on Mercury is named after Chekhov.
place names
- Chekhov is a city of regional subordination in the Moscow region. Named after A.P. Chekhov in 1954 (50th anniversary of his death). Until 1954 - the working settlement of Lopasnya.
- Chekhov - a village (from 1947 to 2004 - the city of Chekhov) in the Kholmsky district of the Sakhalin region.
- Chekhovsky - a village in the Luchinsky rural settlement of the Istra district of the Moscow region.
- Chekhov - railway station of the Kursk direction of the Moscow Railway in Chekhov.
- Chekhovskaya - railway platform of the Riga direction of the Moscow Railways.
- Chekhovskaya is a station of the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line of the Moscow Metro.
- 1290 avenues, streets, squares, lanes and driveways in Russian settlements and many streets in other countries are named after Chekhov.
monuments
Monuments to Chekhov's heroes
- Sculptures "Kashtanka", "Lady with a Dog", "Man in a Case", "Three Sisters", "Vanya", "Varya" in Perm (Perm, A.P. Chekhov Park, Repin St., 20 ).
- Monument to Kashtanka in Chelyabinsk.
- Monument to the heroes of the story "Thick and thin" in Taganrog (near the museum "Chekhov's Shop").
- Monument to the "Man in a Case" in Taganrog.
- Monument to the heroine of the story "Romance with double bass" in Taganrog.
- Monument based on the story "Kashtanka" in Taganrog.
- Monument to the "Lady with a Dog" and Chekhov on the Yalta embankment.
- Monument "The Seagull" in Badenweiler, Germany, on Anton Chekhov Square, near the hotel where the writer died.
- Monument to the heroes of the story "Thick and thin" (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, square near the Sakhalin International Theater Center), 2013.
- Monument to the heroes of the story "The Lady with the Dog" (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, square near the Sakhalin International Theater Center), 2013. Author of honor. thin Russia S. Shcherbakov.
- Monument to the heroes of the story "The Man in the Case" (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, square near the Sakhalin International Theater Center), 2013.
- Monument to the heroes of the story "Kashtanka" (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, square near the Sakhalin International Theater Center), 2013.
- A bronze monument to the dogs of A.P. Chekhov - dachshunds Brom and Hina in the Melikhovo Museum-Reserve near Moscow (opened on December 22, 2012). The author is a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Arts Alexander Rozhnikov.
Chekhov in art
The musical performance "Chekhov" (Dutch Tsjechov), covering the biography of the writer from 1889 to 1904, was staged in 1991 in the Netherlands by Robert Long and Dmitry Frenkel.
The biographical films Plot for a Short Story (1969, as Nikolai Grinko), From Chekhov with Love (England, 1968, as John Gielgud), The Good Doctor (USA, 1978) are dedicated to Chekhov's life. , in the role of Richard Chamberlain), "Goodbye, Doctor Chekhov!" (2007, as Dmitry Mukhamadeev), "Chekhov and Maria" / Chekhov and Maria (USA, 2007, as Ron Bottita), "Fan" (2012, as Kirill Pirogov), "Anton Tchekhov - 1890" (France, 2015) - as Nicolas Giraud.
Screen versions of works
Chekhov still remains the leader in the number of foreign adaptations of Russian classics - his works became the basis for film / television versions about 200 times.
- 1909 - Surgery
- 1911 - A novel with a double bass
- 1924 - The end of the Lunich family
- 1926 - Kashtanka
- 1929 - Ranks and people
- 1938 - Mask
- 1938 - Bear
- 1939 - Man in a case
- 1939 - Surgery
- 1941 - Jubilee
- 1944 - Wedding
- 1952 - Kashtanka
- 1953 - Lawlessness
- 1953 - Thick and Thin (TV, in the role of Thin Yu. Yakovlev)
- 1954 - Anna around the neck
- 1954 - Swedish match
- 1955 - Jumper
- 1956 - Bride
- 1957 - Boots
- 1958 - Witch
- 1959 - Three stories by Chekhov ("Vanka", "Anyuta", "Revenge")
- 1959 - Oversalted (cartoon)
- 1960 - Enemies
- 1960 - Drama
- 1960 - Lady with a dog
- 1960 - House with mezzanine
- 1960 - Revenge
- 1961 - Duel
- 1964 - Apothecary
- 1964 - Duel
- 1964 - Three sisters
- 1965 - Swan song
- 1965 - Literature teacher
- 1966 - In the city of S. (Dir. I. Kheifits; Lenfilm)
- 1966 - Darling
- 1966 - Joke
- 1967 - Gooseberry
- 1968 - Three years (dir. G. Nikulin)
- 1969 - Chief Witness
- 1969 - Family happiness
- 1969 - Belated Flowers (film-play, dir. A. Nal)
- 1970 - Uncle Vanya
- 1970 - Carousel
- 1970 - Seagull
- 1970 - Drama on the hunt
- 1971 - At the cottage
- 1971 - These different, different, different faces ... ("Death of an official", "Salted", "Speaker", "The Night Before Judgment", "Daughter of Albion", "Boots", "Chameleon")
- 1972 - My life (dir. G. Nikulin)
- 1973 - Bad good man (based on the story "Duel")
- 1973 - Scenes ("Dear Dog", "Intruder", "Groom and Daddy"); "Lentelefilm", production by G. Tovstonogov
- 1975 - Vint
- 1975 - Kashtanka
- 1976 - Theater stories
- 1977 - Steppe (dir. S. Bondarchuk; Mosfilm)
- 1977 - Unfinished piece for mechanical piano (dir. N. Mikhalkov; Mosfilm)
- 1977 - Funny people!
- 1977 - Chekhov's pages
- 1978 - My affectionate and gentle beast (based on the story "Drama on the Hunt", directed by E. Lotyanu; "Mosfilm")
- 1980 - Three years
- 1981 - The story of an unknown person
- 1981 - "Vanka Zhukov" - puppet cartoon of the film studio "Kievnauchfilm", directed by Leonid Zarubin.
- 1982 - Boring story
- 1982 - "Steppe" / La steppe (France). Directed by Jean-Jacques Goro.
- 1983 - Kiss
- 1983 - Something from the provincial life
- 1983 - Man in a case
- 1984 - An incredible bet, or a True incident that ended happily a hundred years ago (based on the stories "The Tenant", "From the Memoirs of an Idealist", "Bet", "Carelessness", "At the Mill", "The Shoemaker and the Unclean Force")
- 1984 - Angry Boy
- 1986 - Uncle Vanya (dir. G. Tovstonogov)
- 1987 - Black eyes
- 1988 - Black Monk
- 1990 - Swan Song
- 1990 - Now the son of man is glorified
- 1991 - Ward No. 6
- 1992 - Lord, forgive us sinners
- 1992 - Gracious sovereigns
- 1993 - If you only knew
- 1994 - Vanya on 42nd Street
- 1994 - Golden ring, a bouquet of scarlet roses (based on the story "In the ravine")
- 1994 - Village life
- 1994 - Three sisters
- 1996 - August
- 1998 - Chekhov and Co.
- 2002 - Three days of rain
- 2002 - Chekhov's motives
- 2003 - About love
- 2003 - Baby Lily (La petite Lili)
- 2004 - Ragin (based on the story "Ward No. 6")
- 2004 - Kashtanka
- 2005 - Seagull
- 2008 - Pari
- 2008 - Garden
- 2008 - Shoot Now! (based on the play "Bear")
- 2009 - Chamber No. 6 (dir. K. Shakhnazarov, A. Gornovsky; Mosfilm)
- 2009 - Ochumelov (cartoon, director Alexei Demin)
- 2010 - Lawlessness (cartoon, director Natalya Malgina)
- 2010 - White-fronted (cartoon, director Sergei Seregin)
- 2010 - The prosecutor's son saves the king (cartoon)
- 2010 - Man in pince-nez (cartoon)
- 2010 - Ivanov (film, director Vadim Dubrovitsky)
- 2013 - A gloomy story (based on The Cherry Orchard), director Vera Vodinskaya)
- 2014 - Tri sestre (Serbia). directed by Andrea Ada Lazic.
- 2014 - Winter Sleep (film directed by Nuri Bilge Ceylan)
Music
According to Chekhov's plots, many composers created musical works of various plots. These are operas, ballets, musical comedies and musicals. The cantatas by N. Ponomarenko (1935) and V. Yurovsky (1961) performed by the symphony orchestra, choir and soloists are dedicated to the memory of the writer. According to the works of Chekhov, domestic composers created more than 20 operas: "The Witch", comp. Khodash; The Cherry Orchard, comp. A. Leman; "Kashtanka", comp. V. Rubin; Double bass and flute, comp. N. Sidelnikov and others. Foreign composers created about 20 operas: "The Cherry Orchard". comp. Tontsher; "Contrabass", comp. V. Bukki; "Swan Song", comp. Kylie Luciano and others..
In the second half of the 20th century, based on Chekhov's prose, ballets were created: Anyuta (based on the story Anna on the Neck, comp. V. Gavrilin), Lady with a Dog (comp. R. Shchedrin), Winter Dreams (based on play "Three Sisters" to music by P. Tchaikovsky), "Three Sisters" (to music by S. Rachmaninov and A. Ozoliņš), "Three Sisters" (to music by S. Rachmaninov), "The Seagull" (to music by R. Shchedrin ).
Family, relatives
Pedigree
From father's side
- Great-grandfather, Mikhail Emelyanovich Chekh (1762-1849), was a serf all his life. He had five sons (Ivan, Yegor, Artyom, Semyon and Vasily), whom he raised in strictness.
- The writer's grandfather, Yegor Mikhailovich Chekh (1798-12.03.1879), originally from the village of Olkhovatka, Voronezh province, Ostrogozhsk district, belonged to the serfs of the landowner I. D. Chertkov, whose grandson was later the closest associate of Leo Tolstoy. Egor Mikhailovich - the first in the Chekhov family to know the letter. Why his nickname was Czech remained unknown. Having redeemed himself with his family in 1841, Yegor Mikhailovich entered the manager of Count Platov, the son of the famous Don ataman. He lived and worked in the steppe settlements Krepkaya and Knyazhoy, earned enough money. Yegor Mikhailovich had a sharp temper, he liked to dissolve his hands. Both the peasants, who called him "asp", and the family suffered from his temper. Yegor Mikhailovich also showed talent as a writer, his words have come down to us: “I deeply envied the bars, not only their freedom, but also the fact that they can read.” His children were already free - three sons: Mikhail (1823-12/30/1875), Pavel (1825-1898) and Mitrofan (1830 or 1836-09/08/1894). The daughter of Alexander (1827-1906), for the ransom of which in 1841 her father did not have enough money, was given by the landowner Chertkov gift. She was subsequently married to Vasily Grigorievich Kozhevnikov (1819-1904), with whom, after the wedding, she left for his homeland in the village of Tverdokhlebovo. Mikhail, the eldest, was apprenticed by his father as a bookbinder in Kaluga, where he soon gained fame as the best master. He was called not Chekhov, but Chokhov. He sent a gift to his father - a very intricately made box with the following inscription: "Accept, dear parent, the fruit of my hard work." Anton Pavlovich valued this casket very much. Mitrofan Yegorovich opened a grocery store in Taganrog. He left two sons: Vladimir (1874-1949), who taught in Taganrog, and Yegor (1870-03.11.1943), who served in the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade. It was a favorite of Anton Pavlovich, who called him "Zhorzhik". Egor Mikhailovich died in the arms of his daughter A. E. Kozhevnikova in 1879.
- Grandmother Efrosinya Emelyanovna, nee Shimko (1806-26.02.1878), from a family of horse breeders. Having lived with Yegor Mikhailovich for 58 years, she had a noticeable influence on the worldview and early work of Chekhov.
From the mother's side
- Great-great-grandfather, Nikita Morozov, a serf. He lived in the middle of the XVIII century in the village of Fofanovo (today - Ivanovo region).
- Great-grandfather, Gerasim Nikitich Morozov (1764-3.05.1825), drove barges with grain and timber along the Volga and the Oka. In 1817. He was married to a serf peasant Tatyana Leontyeva, with whom he had five children: Alexei, Vasily, Maria, Fedor and Yakov. At the age of 53, he bought himself and his son Yakov.
- Grandfather, Yakov Gerasimovich (c. 1800-1847), was born in the village of Fofanovo. He helped his father, looked after the trade in Morshansk. In 1820 he married Alexandra Ivanovna Kokhmakova. In 1833, Yakov Gerasimovich went bankrupt and was forced to find a job - General Popkov arranged him in Taganrog. Becoming a commission agent for the mayor, at the same time he opened a trade in dried fish in Rostov. He had three children: Ivan (between 1821 and 1828-between 1866 and 1869), Fedosya (1829-25.10.1891), Evgenia (later the mother of A.P. Chekhov).
- Grandmother, Alexandra Ivanovna Kokhmakova (1804-1868), from a wealthy and artisan family. The family made icons and handicrafts made of wood, which were in great demand. She lived with her children in Shuya, separately from her husband, who only occasionally visited his family. In 1847, a severe fire destroyed 88 houses, leaving the Morozovs without property. In the same year, Yakov dies of cholera. The widow Alexandra with her two daughters Feodosia and Evgenia find shelter with the same general Popkov, who not only accepts the family, but also arranges for orphans to learn to read and write.
Parents
In 1841, when Chekhov's future mother was only six years old, Pavel settled in Rostov with Yakov Morozov (Yevgenia's father). Six years later, when Yakov died, the connection between the families broke off, but after another six years it was restored again - it turned out that Yevgenia Morozova's brother Ivan (1825-1867) was working under the command of Mitrofan Chekhov (1836-1894) - the brother of Pavel Yegorovich. Thanks to this, Pavel and Evgenia met, and in 1854 they got married.
Mother
E. Ya. Chekhova
The writer's mother, Evgenia Yakovlevna Chekhova (1835-1919), nee Morozova, the merchant's daughter, is a quiet woman who stoically endured her husband's despotism and years of need. She did not like to read and write, all her life she lived in the interests of the family, sharing the concerns of her sons and daughters. She had to endure the death of four of her seven children - the very first to die was her daughter Eugene (1869-1871) at the age of two. Anton Chekhov said that "The talent in us comes from the side of the father, and the soul from the side of the mother."
Father
P. E. Chekhov
Father, Pavel Yegorovich Chekhov (1825-1898), inherited a despotic character from his father and, although he showed concern and compassion in letters to the family, in life he often resorted to assault and abuse. He forced his children to work in the shop from morning to night, and also to sing in the choir at many hours of church services. The childhood of Pavel Yegorovich can be judged from the memoirs that he wrote down in the family chronicle at the end of his life:
1830. I remember that my mother came from Kyiv and I saw her. 1831. I remember severe cholera, they gave tar to drink. 1832. Studied literacy in the village. school, taught A. B. in a civil way. 1833. I remember crop failure, famine, ate quinoa and oak bark.
By the age of sixteen he had already worked at a sugar factory; then to be a cattle driver, and in Taganrog he was accepted into a merchant's shop. In 1856, Pavel Yegorovich managed to save 2,500 rubles, joined the third merchant guild. In 1857, he opened a trade by writing on the sign of his shop "Tea, sugar, coffee and other colonial goods."
The older generation of the Chekhovs were extremely pious people who observed all fasts and holidays. The Chekhovs diligently attended services and made pilgrimages. In the church, a familiar chorister taught Pavel Yegorovich how to read music and even play the violin. Pavel became interested in choral singing and in 1864 became the regent of the cathedral. Due to the addiction to the "drawn-out" style of singing psalms practiced by the monks from Athos, his services dragged on for too long, and in 1867 he was fired. Then Pavel Yegorovich moved to a Greek monastery, where he gathered a choir in which Alexander, Nikolai and Anton sang. Pavel Egorovich taught the choir to play the violin and was the choir director. This gave an honorary position in the city, and his choir came to listen even from Rostov and other cities. Alexander Pavlovich sang first in treble, then in bass; Nikolai, a good violinist, helped his father and especially sang a lot, which affected his health and, possibly, caused his illness. Anton sang viola. The family lived very friendly. Anton Pavlovich was the humblest of all. He had a very large head and was called "Bombshell", which made him angry.
Pavel Yegorovich's trading business, which began relatively successfully, soon began to wane. The shop was filthy, sold poor-quality goods, and besides, the servant boys cheated. There they could sell dried and tinted tea collected in taverns by Jews, or a “nest” anti-pregnancy medicine, which included: oil, mercury, nitric acid, strychnine, etc. “nest”,” Anton Chekhov recalled, having already received a medical education.
In 1874, things went really badly and Pavel Yegorovich began to fall into a debt hole, two years later he was forced to secretly leave Taganrog, on April 25, 1876 he arrived in Moscow, where the whole Chekhov family was already waiting for him, with the exception of Anton, who remained to finish his studies in the gymnasium. He lived at that time with people who got the family house, was engaged in tutoring with the son of the new owner, "paying" for this accommodation. Over time, Anton became friends with his ward.
After a year and a half of wandering and living a miserable life in debt, Pavel finally found a job. On November 10, 1877, he got a job as a junior clerk in the barn to I. Gavrilov for 30 rubles a month, a table and an apartment at the store. Pavel worked in the barn for 14 years, working from morning to night and rarely seeing his family.
- Knipper-Chekhova, Olga Leonardovna (1868-1959) - wife of A.P.; People's Artist of the USSR.
- Chekhov, Alexander Pavlovich (1855-1913) - brother, prose writer, publicist, memoirist.
- Chekhova, Maria Pavlovna (1863-1957) - sister, teacher, artist, creator of the A.P. Chekhov House-Museum in Yalta.
- Chekhov, Mikhail Pavlovich (1865-1936) - brother, writer, biographer of Anton Pavlovich.
- Chekhov, Nikolai Pavlovich (1858-1889) - brother, artist.
- Chekhov, Ivan Pavlovich (1861-1922) - brother, teacher.
- Chekhov, Mikhail Alexandrovich (1891-1955) - nephew (son of Alexander's brother), famous artist, theater teacher, director; emigrant (since 1928 - Germany, 1939 - USA).
- Chekhova, Olga Konstantinovna (1897-1980) - the wife of Mikhail Chekhov, the indicated nephew of A.P. and the niece of A.P.'s wife (and sister of L.K. Knipper). German actress.
Moscow addresses
One of the researchers of Chekhov's life pointed out: "Anton Pavlovich changed in Moscow, as far as I know, up to a dozen addresses." Among them:
- 1877 - Daev lane, 29 - the house of Morozov and Leontiev on Sretenka (the house has not been preserved).
- 1879 - Trubnaya Street, 36 - where "there was a smell of dampness and only the heels of passers-by could be seen through the windows under the ceiling." (Around Chekhov, p. 87-88; Life of Pavel Chekhov, p. 181). In Chekhov's passport, information appears about registration "in Moscow, along Sretenka, 307, near the church of Nikola-Dracha" (RGALI) (the house has not been preserved).
- 1879 - Trubnaya street, 23 - Savitsky's house; "Anton's literary activity began from this apartment," his brother wrote. At that time, there were two two-story buildings here - one wooden on the stone ground floor, and the other stone, built on the third floor in 1893; it has come down to our time.
- 1879 - Trubnaya street, 28 - Vnukov's house (the house has not been preserved).
- 1881-1885 - Maly Golovin Lane, 3 - the house of the merchant P. Z. Yeletsky (now it is the middle part of a four-story house. Then the house was two-story on a high semi-basement floor, it was built on both sides in 1896, and in 1905 it was built on and changed facade).
- 1886-1890 - Sadovo-Kudrinskaya street, 6 - the house of Dr. A. Ya. Korneev.
- 1890-1892 - Malaya Dmitrovka, 29 - the house of V.K. Firgang (he lived in an outbuilding on the right side of the courtyard, on the second floor).
- 1894 - Bolshoi Vlasevsky lane, 9 - lived in the same apartment with the writer I. N. Potapenko (the house has not been preserved).
Very short biography (in a nutshell)
Born on January 29, 1860 in Taganrog. Father - Pavel Yegorovich Chekhov (1825-1898), merchant. Mother - Evgenia Yakovlevna Morozova (1835-1919). He graduated from the gymnasium in Taganrog in 1879. In 1884 he graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow University. In 1890 he traveled to Sakhalin. In 1898 he moved to Yalta. In 1900 he became an honorary academician of the Academy of Sciences, in 1902 he refused. In 1901 he married Olga Knipper. He died July 15, 1904 at the age of 44. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. Main works: "The Cherry Orchard", "The Seagull", "Three Sisters", "Uncle Vanya", "Lady with a Dog", "Ward No. 6", "Kashtanka" and others.
Brief biography (detailed)
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a great Russian writer and playwright, author of feuilletons and humorous stories. Chekhov, not only an outstanding Russian writer, but also a universally recognized classic of world significance. By profession, Chekhov was a doctor, and throughout his life he combined a literary career with a medical one. He has written more than 900 different works, some of which have been translated into 100 or more languages.
Anton Chekhov was born on January 29, 1860 in Taganrog, into a large family of a merchant of the third guild. The writer's father owned a grocery store. As a child, Anton attended a Greek school, and then one of the oldest men's gymnasiums in Taganrog. In addition, he helped his father in trade.
The first literary essays of the writer appeared already in the gymnasium years, and he sent them to the capital's humorous magazines. In 1876, the Chekhov family was forced to move to Moscow, due to the fact that his father was ruined and fled from creditors. Here Anton entered the Faculty of Medicine at Moscow University and attended lectures by Professor Sklifosovsky. The first works of the writer were published in 1879 in the Dragonfly magazine. It was the story "Letter to a learned neighbor" and one humoresque. From this moment begins his continuous literary activity. One after another, new stories, feuilletons, anecdotal situations, etc. begin to appear.
After graduating from the university, Anton begins to work as a practicing county doctor. At the same time, he receives an invitation to work from Alexei Suvorin, the famous publisher of the Novoye Vremya newspaper. Initially, Chekhov signed his stories as "Antosha Chekhonte", but with the beginning of regular cooperation with the newspaper, he abandoned the pseudonym. In 1887, the writer's first play, Ivanov, was staged.
A year later, his family moves to the Kharkov province, and he himself makes a trip to Odessa, then to Yalta. Upon his return to Moscow, he writes "A Boring Story", the play "Uncle Vanya", the story "The Steppe", several vaudevilles and about a hundred stories. The next journey the writer makes in 1890. He travels to Siberia to visit Sakhalin Island. Soon the essays “From Siberia”, “Sakhalin Island”, “In Exile”, “Murder” and others appear.
After Siberia, life in Moscow does not seem so interesting, and Chekhov begins to travel a lot to Western Europe. In 1895, he visits Yasnaya Polyana, where he meets Leo Tolstoy, whom they later meet more than once in the Crimea. In 1897, the writer's tuberculosis worsened, because of which he was forced to go to the hospital. In 1898, he met the main performer of the roles of his plays, Olga Knipper. Soon they begin to correspond frequently and visit each other, and in 1901 they got married. Around the same time, he became an academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Chekhov died on July 15, 1904 at the age of 44 in the German resort of Badenweiler, where he was undergoing treatment. The writer was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Video short biography (for those who prefer to listen)
(1860 - 1904), prose writer, playwright
Born on January 17 (29 n.s.) in Taganrog in a merchant family, with strict rules of education. From childhood, Chekhov helped his father in the shop.
In 1868 he entered the gymnasium. When the whole Chekhov family moved to Moscow, the future writer stayed in Taganrog and earned a living by tutoring in order to complete his studies. After graduating from high school in 1879, he left for Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he listened to lectures by famous professors - N. Sklifosovsky, G. Zakharyin, and others. In 1884, having received the title of county doctor, Chekhov began to practice medicine.
While still a schoolboy, he wrote humoresques, participating in the gymnasium magazine. In his student years, in order to earn a living, he collaborated in the magazines Dragonfly, Alarm Clock, Spectator, and others, signing under various pseudonyms, but most often Antosha Chekhonte. From 1882 he wrote for the St. Petersburg magazine "Shards", led the review "Shards of Moscow Life" (1883 - 85).
In 1884, Chekhov's first book of short stories, Tales of Melpomene, was published, followed by Motley Tales (1886), At Twilight (1887), Gloomy People (1890). During these years, the writer is under the strong influence of L. Tolstoy, which is reflected in the stories "Name Day", "A Boring Story". Dissatisfaction with his work, his knowledge, especially knowledge of life, moves him to a decision that surprised his contemporaries - to go to Sakhalin Island, the island of royal hard labor and exile. This journey was a feat of the writer. A trip across the country, a stay on Sakhalin, a study of the life of convicts and exiles, Chekhov's census of the population of Sakhalin - all this left a deep mark on his creative mind. After his return, he wrote the book "Sakhalin Island" (1893 - 94); Sakhalin impressions were also reflected in the stories “In Exile” (1892), “Ward No. b”. The trip significantly worsened Chekhov's state of health: the tuberculous process worsened. At the end of 1880, he worked a lot for the theater: the plays "Ivanov", "Leshy", "The Wedding", the vaudeville "Bear", "Jubilee", etc. In 1892, Chekhov bought the Melikhovo estate, where he helped local peasants as a doctor, built schools for peasant children, traveled to the provinces, gripped by famine, participated in the general census. Many wonderful works were written in Melikhovo: The Jumping Girl, Rothschild's Violin, Literature Teacher, The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, and others. At the beginning of the century, Chekhov created such wonderful plays as Three Sisters and Cherry garden". All plays were staged at the Moscow Art Theater. In 1898 Chekhov moved to Yalta, where he built a house where he visited L. Tolstoy, M. Gorky; Bunin, Kuprin, artist I. Levitan. In 1901 Chekhov married the Moscow Art Theater actress O. Knipper. In recent years, the writer was busy preparing his collected works, published in two editions (1899 - 1902 and 1903) by the publishing house of A. Marx. In 1904, due to a sharp deterioration in his health, Chekhov went to Germany, to the Badenweiler resort, for treatment. Here on June 2 (15 N.S.) he died.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was born on January 29, 1860 in Taganrog. The merchant family had strict rules, from childhood Anton helped in the shop.
From 1868 to 1879 Chekhov studied at the Taganrog gymnasium. During this time, the parents moved to Moscow. The young man has to earn extra money as a tutor in order to graduate. After the gymnasium, Chekhov entered Moscow University. In 1884, with the rank of county doctor, he began work.
As a teenager, Chekhov wrote humoresques for the gymnasium magazine. Being a student under pseudonyms, he publishes in the magazines "Alarm Clock", "Spectator", "Dragonfly". Short stories by Antosha Chekhonte are popular. Since 1882, he has been reviewing "Shards of Moscow Life" in the St. Petersburg "Shards".
Beginning in 1884, the first books were published: Tales of Melpomene, Motley Tales, At Twilight, Gloomy People. The work of L. Tolstoy affects the works of the writer, which is noticeable in "Name Day" and "Boring Life". In the 80s, Chekhov worked closely with the theater. Performances of plays are sold out.
Thirst for new experiences pushes to a trip to Sakhalin. On the island, Chekhov is engaged in a census of the population, gets acquainted with the life of exiles and convicts. "Sakhalin Island", "In Exile", "Ward No. 6" were written under the impression of a journey that undermined his health - the writer fell ill with tuberculosis.
In 1892 Chekhov acquires the Melikhovo estate. There he writes "The Seagull", "Uncle Vanya", "Three Sisters", "The Cherry Orchard", etc. All plays are staged at the Moscow Art Theater. The author himself treats the peasants, builds schools for their children, helps the inhabitants of the provinces, gripped by famine.
A progressive illness forces him to move to Yalta in 1898. Tolstoy, Bunin, Gorky, Kuprin, Levitan visited Chekhov's house. The writer married in 1901 O. Knipper, an actress of the Moscow Art Theater. At the beginning of the 19th century, two editions of Chekhov's collected works were published. Over time, tuberculosis worsens, the writer travels to Germany, but sanatorium procedures do not improve. On July 15, 1904, Chekhov died in Badenweiler.