If a person is brought up on literary heroes (who were born before the moment when writers succumbed to the process of deheroization), he will not be able to commit a betrayal of the Motherland even physically, because the prohibitive threshold grows too high - taboo. It is precisely such a healthy attitude towards patriotic values that Arkady Gaidar's stories and novels are saturated with, and this is conveyed so accurately and penetrates so deeply that not a single child wanted to be a "bad boy". Where there is a betrayal of the motherland, there was not enough patriotic education. And even the geography of such places is calculated quite easily.
Mazepa
The very first truly major betrayal of the Motherland happened on the day that is now chosen as the holiday of national unity - November 4th. In 1708, he betrayed his country and sovereign Peter the Great. He hoped for the victory of Charles the Twelfth, the Swedish king, but he miscalculated.
For betraying his oath, he was executed in a civil way: he was deprived of the awards and titles that had previously been granted to him by the sovereign. And they were rewarded with a new favor: Mazepa received from Peter the Great a single copy of the "Order of Judas", the order of the very first and most treacherous of traitors.
Essence of the Traitor
One hundred and twenty years later, this historical betrayal of the Motherland was not only not forgotten, it was immortalized in fiction. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin wrote an amazing poem - "Poltava". The poet changed his mind about calling magical poems the name of a traitor - evil, immoral, vengeful, dishonorable, hypocritical, who stops at nothing to achieve any good in life.
That is exactly what this person was, because the treacherous essence seems to eat up all the good and positive spiritual qualities. Pushkin knew this, of course. A poem was written about the worst person on earth, but with such beautiful verses that the idea brought by the poet into young hearts penetrates so deeply that it never leaves them.
Shvabrin
The theme of the betrayal of the Motherland by the poem "Poltava" was not exhausted, Pushkin returned to it more than once. No less interesting, and most importantly - penetratingly and intelligibly, another historical case is described. This is a peasant uprising by Emelyan Pugachev, where two forces clashed, each of which considered itself right. And here loyalty to the oath occupies a particularly important place, because if there is no such loyalty in the soul of a person, betrayal of the Motherland will always nest there. Pushkin's arguments for this postulate are the most weighty. Whoever did not keep honor from a young age in everything, at every step of his life, he, as it were, is rolling downhill to the very bottom, and it is there, at the very bottom - there is nowhere lower - and this sin lies.
Dante Alighieri in the "Divine Comedy" accurately determined the location of the traitors in hell: they freeze into Lake Cocytus, and there is no deeper place in the other world, they will not knock from below. So, in Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter" Shvabrin commits a betrayal of the Motherland. He gives the following arguments: the fortress is not properly fortified, it will not withstand the assault, and why die in vain? It's easier to join Pugachev's army. Let a nobleman have to grovel before a runaway simple Cossack, but - life! However, Pushkin lets the reader know that Alexei Shvabrin has no life ahead of him. There is not and will not be anything for a traitor, except because there is justice.
Andriy
Pushkin's contemporary, who wrote an excellent story about the Zaporizhzhya Sich - "Taras Bulba", - to this day inspires modern domestic and foreign cinematography, revealed the theme of betrayal in an exceptionally artistic way. Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol succeeded in bringing such arguments under betrayal that modern youth, who do not receive sufficient patriotic education, draw a completely wrong conclusion on this artistic material.
Betrayal of the motherland or the loss of a beloved woman - what will outweigh? The youngest son of the leader of the Cossack Andriy chose the first for the sake of a beautiful lady from a hostile city. "You are my Motherland!" - he said. And he betrayed everyone, sold everything, ruined himself for this love. But Taras Bulba could not even forgive his son for the betrayal of the Motherland. He was true to himself and to the Fatherland. He gave birth to Andrii, he killed him.
Bad Boys
A little has already been said about the fairy tale written by Arkady Gaidar. She is not one of those fairy tales that are lies, in it, despite the cartoonishness, absolute truths sound. And not a hint, but an alarm. Because even today the "bad guys" that have multiplied have betrayed the country to the bourgeoisie. For a barrel of confiture, for a basket of Snickers.
There are numerous examples of betrayal of the Motherland today. What are the repentant words of a young bad boy from Novy Urengoy in today's Bundestag: the "so-called" Stalingrad cauldron, "innocent" occupiers who came to the Volga and destroyed half the world.
Betrayal today
If young men read fiction written by eyewitnesses: Konstantin Vorobyov ("It's us, Lord!"), Nikolai Dvortsov ("Waves are beating the rocks"), Viktor Nekrasov ("In the trenches of Stalingrad"), and this list could go on and on , the young men would know more about the "unbearable conditions of captivity", and our Motherland would never experience today's shame.
This speech was classified by the country's broadest public as a betrayal. And if only this one performance! Moral norms turned inside out, according to Russian teachers, there is a need to return at least Alexander Fadeev's "Young Guard" to the school curriculum. According to Solzhenitsyn, it is not possible to educate patriots of one's country.
Krasnodon traitors
The older generation knows everything about the heroes of the novel almost by heart. Now, after the opening of the archives, it became known that the writer greatly regretted the psyche of his reader and did not write the whole truth. Indeed, she is terrible. And one more thing: in fact, there was not a single traitor among the Young Guard.
Only their torturers, the policemen, who terribly tortured the Krasnodon teenagers, who, not sparing their own lives, defended and cleared their land from the invaders, committed their homeland. Fadeev portrayed them so convexly and vividly that later, after the movie, people looked at the faces of the artists who played them with hatred.
The need for education
The suffering that befell the Young Guards, even described by Fadeev, is simply inhuman. In fact, it was much worse, neither film nor paper can convey this. And now Russian teenagers do not read this literature at all! That is why Nazism is being revived, and fascist torchlight processions with slogans about Bandera the hero are wandering around Ukraine.
Neo-fascists from fourteen to twenty years old should read this book aloud, with resistance - even by force, and then force Gerasimov to watch the film, and then acquaint them with documents from the archives, with photographs and medical examinations of the dead, but eternally living young Krasnodon. It is necessary to make sure that young people are able to distinguish between the concepts of loyalty to the Motherland and betrayal.
"Chamomile"
Every boy (and girl) should definitely read the fascinating novel by Veniamin Kaverin "Two Captains". This book has everything: the most selfless friendship, the purest love, determination on the way to a feat and betrayal, exceptional in its meanness - of the Motherland, friendship, love and all that is most holy in the world. Mikhail Romashov is one of the heroes of the book. And if Sanya Grigoriev went all his life from childhood to a feat, then Misha Romashov and childhood - to betrayal.
The whole path is visible, daily killing everything human in a person. It began with children's denunciations on the basis of envy. It ended in almost direct murder, when Chamomile leaves his wounded friend to die in the snow, taking everything from him, even weapons. Here it is - a betrayal of the Motherland. You will not find the best arguments from the literature. Traitors have no conscience, it is dead. It is Sanya Grigoriev who will ponder whether personal reasons played a role when he handed over the traitor who committed military treason to the authorities. So, in contrast, readers will better feel where is the truth and where is the lie, how to act and how not to, who to sympathize with and who to hate.
Fisherman
Vasil Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about another kind of betrayal. A criminal named Rybak blames circumstances on him, even his wounded soldier comrade, whom he not only betrayed, but hanged himself. Only he does not blame himself, although he regrets what he did. Here the writer shows how easy it is for an unarmed patriotic upbringing, and therefore with a vile weakness in the soul, to understand oneself, to adequately assess one's actions.
Sotnikov, who received the most terrible tortures and who did not betray any of the partisans and locals, the traitor Rybak in his thoughts calls ambitious: look, they say, he is a hero. The fisherman is not aware that betrayal is considered the lowest act of all from time immemorial. It was his fate that turned so unexpectedly that he would have to serve Germany. Rybak does not have a clear idea of moral and moral principles. What is this, if not a lack of education?
Kryzhnev
This story by Mikhail Sholokhov is in the treasury of world literature. "The fate of a man" is the fate of many and many, shown unusually broadly. This story is about people who experienced great grief, terrible hardships, war, a concentration camp, the loss of all their loved ones, but who remained people of a bright soul, deeply sympathetic and called to help. But even this story would not be complete enough if there were no theme of betrayal in it.
For the sake of saving his own life, the traitor Kryzhnev was already preparing to betray both the commander and his friends. But only traitors cannot keep loyalty to the Motherland. The true soldier Andrei Sokolov kills this vile creature and does not even feel pity, only one disgust, as if he strangled a snake. The story was written in 1956. The war ended eleven years ago, but the writer always feels responsible to his compatriots and their next generations, which is why the eternal themes of heroism and betrayal are raised again and again.
Traitors cannot be rehabilitated!
A lot of interesting things were written about by another Vorobyov - Vladimir Nikiforovich, a retired major general. He, despite his age and ill health, considers it necessary to raise this topic again and again, since it is the most relevant today.
And indeed: now the traitors who betrayed their homeland are considered fighters against communism and Stalinism, moreover, champions of freedom and justice. They even erect monuments! Mannerheim, Vlasov, Denikin, Kolchak are enemies of their Motherland who betrayed her. The resolute protest of the major-general is quite understandable.
Sorting traitors
The writer in all its glory shows this unfinished White émigré part of the population, officers, landlords, capitalists, who fled abroad, who met Hitler with indescribable enthusiasm. With the help of German bayonets, they decided to return to the territory of their betrayed Motherland.
He especially dwells on the description of the numerous traitors of the geographical territories mentioned above (the Baltic states, the Caucasus, the Germans from the Volga region), as well as the Russian White Guards from Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, who served not only in the Wehrmacht, but also in the Abwehr, and in the SD, and in SS.
conclusions
No one will argue that betrayal has existed at all times. And most often those people who were offended by something in their homeland became traitors. For example, the Spartan Ephialtes, rejected, betrayed his comrades at Thermopylae. Further, the list is replenished one way or another: Judas betrayed Christ, and Brutus betrayed Caesar, Mazepa betrayed Peter the Great, and so on. Their names usually remained in history forever.
But the Great Patriotic War happened to know a different kind of traitors - special and diverse. And more of them. Nevertheless, this topic has been quite successfully developed in the literature, helping to determine the worldview of almost every generation. Now everything has changed, the results of wars are being reviewed, priorities are shifting. Immediate decisive action is needed in this direction. For a people made up of traitors will inevitably lose their own country. And it all comes down to it, unfortunately. The next generation will be lost along with the country.
Direction " Loyalty and betrayal"is included in the list of topics for the final essay for the 2017/18 academic year.
Below are examples and additional materials for development themes of loyalty and betrayal in the final essay.
Composition on the topic: Loyalty and betrayal
Loyalty and betrayal are two opposite extremes of the moral and ethical image of the individual. Considered from a literary point of view, "fidelity" and "treason" in most works vividly and accurately characterize the actions of the characters. Whether it's "Anna Karenina" by L. Tolstoy, "Eugene Onegin" or "The Captain's Daughter" by Pushkin - everywhere the problem of fidelity and betrayal is acute and multifaceted.
If we turn to modern reality, then on the one hand, noble behavior takes its basics from early childhood in a family atmosphere, on the other hand, human moral character is a full reflection of a person’s thinking and nature.
Of course, do not forget about loyalty to your family, relatives, loved ones and close people. Our inner circle accepts us for who we really are. This circle includes the closest people who will support us at any moment of our life, sincerely share the joys and troubles that have happened. They will certainly give advice and share their personal experience. We must respect the people close to us and cherish them very much, as well as their presence in our lives.
Therefore, native people, like no one else, deserve a faithful and devoted attitude. We must always support them and never betray them. As various literary sources say, even our ancestors sang in folk art the significance, strength and indivisibility of the family circle. Every person who has a number of people who love, appreciate and respect him is considered rich. He seems to grow wings from the support he receives and he wants to conquer new heights.
Every person who has an adequate consciousness must necessarily possess the qualities that are inherent in fidelity. This concept decorates and greatly exalts the appearance of a person. It is also worth noting that all these feelings cannot be forcibly instilled. Boring notations and moralizing are not helpers in this matter. The concept of "fidelity" is born in the very depths of the soul at the birth of each person. And his fidelity can be judged by the actions he performs, the train of thought and, in general, by the chosen course of life, discarding all eloquent sayings. But, you should not consider loyalty as a kind of starting position in life position. In fact, loyalty is a generous tribute to sincere and genuine love.
Only love is capable of reviving in the human soul endless respect and complete readiness for self-sacrifice. Own thought contributes to the formation of individuality. Thanks to the fact that you have your own position, you can significantly stand out among the crowd and not succumb to public opinion. In this case, no one will be able to impose other people's thoughts on us. That is why it is very important to be true to yourself.
After betrayal, you no longer want to trust anyone, a devoted person begins to look for a catch in everything. It is worth focusing on the behavior of the traitor, how he behaves. Does it explain why this happened? Does he ask for forgiveness? Everything happens in this life and no one is immune from mistakes. It may even be that, due to life circumstances or under the influence of someone else's opinion, we do not deliberately substitute another person. The most important thing is to come to your senses in time, sincerely repent and ask for forgiveness. If you can really find an excuse for the perfect, then you can forgive a person, giving him one more chance to fix everything and return honest and trusting relationships.
No need to close, life goes on, so you need to move on. First of all, we are all human and should be patient with each other. Our life, so, is filled with all sorts of difficulties of a different nature, so you need to treat loving and beloved people with great respect and reverence.
In the context of this open direction, it would be appropriate to think of loyalty and betrayal as radically opposite manifestations of human nature. It is recommended to analyze the categories of betrayal and fidelity from the moral, ethical, philosophical, psychological points of view, as well as referring to everyday realities and works of literature.
The categories of "fidelity" and "treason" occupy a key role in the plots of many works of different eras and characterize the thoughts and deeds of heroes in situations of moral choice, both in personal relationships and in the social aspect.
Topics and questions that can be considered within the framework of the direction "Loyalty and betrayal"
What does loyalty mean?
What does betrayal lead to?
How do you think loyalty and love are related?
How do you think loyalty and friendship are related?
What is the danger of cheating?
Confirm or refute W. Churchill's statement: "The man who never changes his mind is stupid."
Can betrayal be forgiven?
What are the causes of betrayal and betrayal?
When does a choice arise between loyalty and betrayal?
How do you understand the word "loyalty"?
Is it important to be true to the word? What pushes a person to cheat?
Do you agree with the statement: "A traitor and a coward are a berry of the same field"
What qualities should a true friend have?
How do you understand Plutarch's saying: "Traitors betray themselves first of all"?
How does betrayal affect relationships?
“Is it possible to run away from yourself, leaving your homeland?” Horace What is the worst betrayal?
Do you agree with the statement: “Trust is a sign of courage, and loyalty is a sign of strength”?
Do you agree with the statement “Whoever has never sworn allegiance will never break it”? (August Platen)
Can a noble heart be unfaithful?
Is it possible to deal with a person who cannot be trusted?
Confirm or refute the words of F. Schiller: "True love helps to endure all hardships"?
How do you understand the words: “In order to preserve love, one must not change, but change”? (K. Melikhan)
Do you agree with the statement of N. Chernyshevsky: "For treason to the Motherland, an extreme baseness of the soul is needed"?
Is it possible to be a hero fighting against the motherland?
Is it possible to call a dog the most faithful friend?
Why is cheating on a friend much more painful than cheating on a loved one?
Do you agree with Lope de Vega's dictum, "Cheadying a friend is a crime without justification, without forgiveness"?
Can it be argued that the loyalty of a friend is “the most precious thing that can be given to a person at all”? (E. Telman)
How do you understand the saying of V. Hugo: "Half friend - half traitor"?
How do you understand the meaning of the saying: "An unfaithful friend is like a shadow that drags behind you while the sun is shining."
Do you need to be true to yourself? Is the statement of L. Sukhorukov true: “Who is faithful only to himself, is always unfaithful with others”?
Do you agree with the saying: “He who never changes his mind loves himself more than the truth”? (Joseph Joubert)
Why do you think traitors betray themselves first of all?
How do you understand the saying: “To be authentic means to be true to yourself”? (Osho)
Do you agree with the statement of A.P. Chekhov: “Loyalty is that quality that people have lost, but dogs have kept”?
Do you agree with folk wisdom: "A true friend is better than a hundred servants"?
Is the statement true: “Whoever has experienced affection for a faithful and intelligent dog, there is no need to explain how gratefully she pays for it”?
Can loyalty bring disappointment to a person?
More topics:
Patriotism is loyalty to the motherland.
Can you be true to others while still being true to yourself?
Loyalty as the basis of honesty and honor.
Treason - is it betrayal or loyalty to your interests?
Forgiveness of betrayal - is it a recognition of the correctness of the traitor, your own weakness or love?
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FIPI comment Within the framework of the direction, one can talk about fidelity and betrayal as opposite manifestations of the human personality, considering them from a philosophical, ethical, psychological point of view and referring to life and literary examples. The concepts of "fidelity" and "treason" are at the center of the plots of many works of different eras and characterize the actions of the characters in a situation of moral choice, both in personal relationships and in a social context.
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Comprehension of the concepts: "FIELDENESS" I 1. see faithful. 2. Persistence and immutability in feelings, relationships, in the performance of one's duties, duty. Comply with. V. to your word. Explanatory Dictionary Ozhegov II Abstract. noun by value adj.: true (1). Marital devotion. a) Correctness, complete similarity or correspondence to smth. b) Accuracy, infallibility. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim CORRECT 1) a) Constant in his feelings, affections, beliefs, etc.; devoted. b) Invariably adhering to smth., following smth., not violating smth. c) Unchanging, durable. 2) a) Quite reliable. b) Completely trustworthy. c) One that brings success, good luck, etc. 3) a) Corresponding to the truth; right. b) Corresponding to the original, accurately conveying smth. (about manuscripts, documents, etc.). c) Appropriate to the situation, such as required; required. d) Confident, firm (about gait, steps, etc.). e) Accurate, accurate. e) Undoubted, obvious, obvious. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim Loyalty is a moral and ethical concept.
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Understanding the concepts: "Treason" 1) a) Betrayal, treachery. b) Violation of fidelity in love, in marriage. 2) Refusal of former views, habits, etc. Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova 1. Betrayal of the interests of the motherland, going over to the side of the enemy. I. homeland. State and. An accusation of treason. 2. Violation of fidelity to someone / n. I. friend. I. debt. Marital and. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
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synonyms LOYALTY DEVOTIONAL PERMANENT CONSISTENCY STABILITY SOLIDNESS STABILITY HONESTY HONESTY COMMITMENT RELIABILITY BETRAITION BETRAYAL INFAITHFILLITY DECEIVERY KNIFE IN THE BACK, ADULTERY ADULTER ADESEASE
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Understanding the concepts of “loyalty” and “treason” Loyalty is devotion to someone or something; it is immutability in one's promises, words, attitudes, in the performance of one's duties, duty. Loyalty is based on responsibility, perseverance, honesty, courage, sacrifice. Treason is a violation of fidelity to someone (friend, beloved, spouse) or something (word, duty), betrayal of the interests of the Motherland, going over to the side of the enemy. Treason is associated with betrayal, deceit, meanness, treachery.
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Loyalty and betrayal - markers of a person's reliability Loyal people are people who justify trust, who know how to keep their word, not to let them down in difficult situations. O. Balzac argued: "A noble heart cannot be fickle." In his own words, "loyalty is the basis of virtue." Traitors easily break oaths and promises, are prone to strike-breaking, adultery. Many use their services, but no one trusts them. They are treated as products without a quality mark. The ancient Roman historian Tacitus Publius Cornelius remarked: "The traitors are despised even by those whom they served."
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To whom or what can a person remain faithful or able to change? - to a loved one - to a spouse (wife) - to the Motherland, military duty, oath - to a friend, comrades, a person who trusted you, loved ones - to yourself, your principles, vocation, word, dream, religious beliefs
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The concepts of "fidelity" and "treason" are at the center of the plots of many works of different eras and characterize the actions of the characters in a situation of moral choice, both in personal relationships and in a social context.
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Aspects of the thematic direction Loyalty/treason in a broad sense. Loyalty / treason to the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Loyalty / betrayal in love. Loyalty / betrayal in relation to a friend, comrade, person who trusted. Loyalty / betrayal in relation to oneself, one's moral principles, one's ideals, one's vocation, goals, word, religious beliefs. Loyalty to duty, profession.
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Loyalty and betrayal in a broad sense Possible formulations of the topic How do you understand the word "loyalty"? Is loyalty a value in our time? What does it mean to be faithful? What drives people to betray? What betrayal cannot be forgiven? When does a choice arise between loyalty and betrayal? Do you agree with the statement: "A traitor and a coward are one field of berries"? Can a noble heart be unfaithful? What is the worst betrayal?
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Loyalty and betrayal in a broad sense Possible theses (wise thoughts) He who is able to overcome the power of instinct, remain faithful to his obligation, turn love into friendship, finds happiness in the union of souls, hearts and bodies, which more than rewards him for his sacrifice .(F. La Rochefoucauld, French moralist of the 17th century.) Treason can be forgiven, but resentment cannot. (Anna Akhmatova, Russian poet of the 20th century) How can one deal with a person who cannot be trusted? If the wagon has no axle, how can you ride it? (Confucius, ancient thinker and philosopher of China)
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Loyalty and betrayal in a broad sense Possible theses (wise thoughts) Happiness needs fidelity, but misfortune can do without it (Seneca). Without constancy there can be no love, no friendship, no virtue (D. Addison). A noble heart cannot be unfaithful (O. Balzac). “In this world, I value only loyalty. Without it, you are nobody and you have nobody. In life, this is the only currency that will never depreciate ”(V. Vysotsky). When you've been betrayed, it's like having your arms broken. You can forgive, but now you can’t hug (Leo Tolstoy).
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Possible formulations of the topic What do the words "loyalty to the motherland" mean to me? Is a military oath necessary to strengthen loyalty to the state? What to do if you have to choose between loyalty to your loved one and loyalty to your homeland / ideals? How do I feel about those who go over to the side of the enemy in a war? Is it possible to consider a hero a person who committed a heroic deed, while betraying his homeland? Who can be called a traitor to the motherland? Is an enemy of the people and a traitor to the state one and the same? "For betrayal of the motherland, an extraordinary baseness of the soul is needed" (N.G. Chernyshevsky)
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Possible theses, wise thoughts Loyalty to the motherland can be understood in different ways, since everyone has a different idea of what is good for the country. The worst of the deeds is a betrayal of the motherland. Treason to the motherland requires extreme baseness of the soul. (N.G. Chernyshevsky) "There is a crime that cannot be redeemed - this is treason." (Pierre Boiste) A patriot is a person who serves the motherland, and the motherland is, first of all, the people. (N.G. Chernyshevsky) It is important that you be ready to die for your country; but more importantly, you must be willing to live your life for her. (T. Roosevelt) Do not ask what your Motherland can do for you - ask what you can do for your Motherland. (J. Kennedy)
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Possible theses, wise thoughts There is only one crime that cannot be redeemed - it is treason to one's state. The motherland cannot be changed, it can only be betrayed. (E.V. Gushchina) You can't be a hero fighting against your homeland. (Hugo V.) Is it possible to escape from oneself, leaving one's homeland? (Horace) If the holy army shouts: “Throw Rus', live in paradise!”, I will say: “Don’t need paradise, Give me my homeland.” remain faithful to her, even at the cost of life. (J.-J. Rousseau) I understand loyalty as loyalty to the motherland, and not to its institutions and rulers. Motherland is true, lasting, eternal; the motherland must be protected, one must love it, one must be faithful to it; institutions are something external, like clothes, and clothes can wear out, tear, become uncomfortable, stop protecting the body from cold, illness and death. (M. Twain)
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Possible theses, wise thoughts Even the flowers at home smell differently. Their fragrance is stronger, more spicy than the fragrance of flowers abroad. (A.I. Kuprin) Russia is happiness. Russia is light. Snow, snow, snow... And the night is dark, Or maybe there is no Russia at all. And it will never end. And over the Neva, the sunset did not burn out, Russia - silence. Russia is dust. And Pushkin did not die in the snow. Or maybe Russia is just fear. And there is neither St. Petersburg nor the Kremlin - A rope, a bullet, an icy darkness Some snow, snow, fields, fields, And music that drives you crazy. Snow, snow, snow... And the night of duty, A rope, a bullet, hard labor dawn And the snow will never melt. Over that which has no name in the world. (G. Ivanov)
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary arguments Sergei Yesenin:
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary argument 1922 A. Akhmatova
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Loyalty/Treason to the Fatherland, Great and Small Motherland Literary Argument The theme of the motherland runs through all of A. Akhmatova's work. The most difficult times for the motherland - the First World War, revolution, repression - the poetess is experiencing together with her people and "melts" their suffering into poetic lines. In Akhmatova's poems about the motherland, the key word is "land". Her fatherland is not a country that rejected the gift of the poetess, silenced her for many years, took away her relatives and friends, but the land where she was born. Here live people who are able to endure misfortunes, proud to the point of arrogance and at the same time simple and cordial. This people got a hard fate: numerous invaders, the cruelty of their own rulers. But those who really love their land, who are able to take on the blows of fate “in the dead fire”, they will never leave the land “to be torn apart by enemies”, but will share with it all the hardships of hard times. Akhmatova wrote about all this in 1922 in the poem “I am not with those who left the earth ...”, the last lines of which became the epigraph to the poem “Native Land”, created four decades later.
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary argument Native land And in the world there are no people more tearless, Haughtier and simpler than us. We don’t carry it on our chests in cherished amulets, We don’t compose verses sobbingly about her, She doesn’t stir our bitter sleep, It doesn’t seem like a promised paradise. We do not make her in our souls The subject of purchase and sale, Sick, distressed, silent on her, We do not even remember her. Yes, for us it is dirt on galoshes, Yes, for us it is a crunch on the teeth. And we grind, and knead, and crumble That unmixed dust. But we lie down in it and become it, That's why we call it so freely - ours. Leningrad, 1961 Anna Akhmatova
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary Argument The poem "Native Land" sums up the poet's attitude towards his homeland in a peculiar way. The name has a double meaning. "Earth" is both a country with its people and its own history, and just the soil on which people walk. Akhmatova, as it were, returns the lost unity to the meaning. This allows her to introduce wonderful images into the poem: “dirt on galoshes”, “crunching on the teeth”, which receive a metaphorical load. There is no sentimentality in A. Akhmatova's attitude to her native land. The first stanza is built on the denial of those actions that are usually associated with the manifestation of patriotism: “We don’t wear cherished incense on our chests, / We don’t compose verses sobbingly about her ...”. These actions seem unworthy to her: they do not have a sober, courageous look at Russia. Anna Akhmatova does not perceive her country as a "promised paradise" - too much in Russian history testifies to the tragic aspects of Russian life. But there is no resentment here for the actions that the native land "brings to those who live on it." There is a proud obedience to the lot that she presents to us. In this submission, however, there is no challenge. Moreover, there is no conscious choice in it. Love for Russia is not for Akhmatova the result of the spiritual path traveled, as was the case with Lermontov or Blok; this love was given to her from the very beginning. Her patriotic feeling is imbibed with mother's milk and therefore cannot be subjected to any rationalistic adjustments. The connection with the native land is felt not even on a spiritual, but on a physical level: the earth is an integral part of our personality, because we are all destined to bodily merge with it - after death: “But we lie down in it and become it, / That's why we call it like that freely - his own.
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary Arguments The problem of loyalty to the motherland in difficult years of trials or in peacetime does not go unnoticed by Russian classics. "Borodino" M.Yu. Lermontov "Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us? Let us die near Moscow, as our brothers died!” And we promised to die, And we kept the oath of allegiance in the Battle of Borodino. An oath of allegiance to brothers in arms for the heroes of the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov is also an oath to his Fatherland.
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary arguments "Borodino" M.Yu. Lermontov To be faithful to one's native land means, according to the veteran of the Battle of Borodino, to be ready to lay down one's head for it. Therefore, the generation of recruits living "under the burden of knowledge and doubt" causes a bitter smile: Yes, there were people in our time Not like the current tribe: Bogatyrs - not you! Are they capable of the same feat or will they change in a difficult moment, because they are not heroes at all? .. Lermontov leaves the reader alone with this thought, gives an opportunity to reflective contemporaries to determine their attitude towards Russia - the motherland and the state ...
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Loyalty / treason to the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary arguments "Vasily Terkin" A.T. Tvardovsky Loyalty to one's country, readiness to serve it until the last breath is the main idea in the poem "Vasily Terkin" (1941-1945) by A.T. Tvardovsky. As if picking up and developing Lermontov's thought, he creates a new formula of fidelity: The battle is holy and right. Mortal combat is not for the sake of glory, For the sake of life on earth.
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary arguments "Vasily Terkin" A.T. Tvardovsky The fight is holy and right. Mortal combat is not for the sake of glory, For the sake of life on earth, - the famous refrain leaves no doubt: after all, the earth is the Fatherland, the motherland! Treason to her is a betrayal of the family, children, loved ones, everything that is dear and sacred. This idea becomes the leitmotif of all the literature of the period of the Great Patriotic War. Witnesses of the events: poets, writers, war correspondents - conveyed to their descendants the idea of loyalty and readiness for self-sacrifice as a guarantee of the coming victory.
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary arguments "Courage" A.A. Akhmatova
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary arguments of L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (War of 1812) B. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", "He Was Not on the Lists", "Tomorrow there was a war" B. Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man" M. A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" L. Kassil "Communication Line" V. Kataev "Flag"
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary arguments Vasil Bykov article “How the story “Sotnikov” was created” As a person writing about the war, I was mainly interested in two moral points, which can be simplified as follows: what is a person in the face of the crushing force of inhuman circumstances and what is he ready to do when opportunities with honor to defend his life exhausted by him to the end and it is impossible to prevent death?
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After all, no one wanted to lose their only and so dear life to him, and only the need to remain an honest person to the end forced him to go to his death. At the same time, there were people who tried to combine the incompatible. They hoped to save their lives and not sin against their conscience, which in certain, tragic circumstances, turned out to be incredibly difficult, if not completely hopeless. For many years there lived in my memory one incident that persistently disturbed my consciousness. This happened in August of 1944, when our troops successfully broke through the enemy defenses, surrounded the Chisinau grouping of the Nazis, and took a large number of prisoners.
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Hundreds of Romanians and Germans stood, sat and lay on the trampled grass in the large yard. As I drive by, I suddenly notice the unshaven face of one of those who are sitting impassively at the very fence. In the next instant, I recognized my former colleague, who had been considered dead since the autumn of 1943. Moreover, for the steadfastness shown in the heavy battle on the Dnieper bridgehead, for the skillful command of the encircled battalion, this man was "posthumously" awarded a high award. The new recruits were told about him, conversations were held about his feat, and now he was sitting in front of me in a sweaty German tunic, ragged and downcast. I looked at him, and he, evidently realizing that silence was indispensable, said after a heavy sigh: “This is how it turns out! – How did it happen? There was no malice or despair in his dull sad eyes, there was only a quiet resignation to fate, which he was not slow to refer to.
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- What to do! Such is fate. This man told me that in that memorable battle on the bridgehead he was not killed, but was only wounded and taken prisoner. In the camp where he later ended up, hundreds were dying of hunger, but he wanted to live and, intending to cheat the Germans around his finger, signed up for the Vlasov army with the hope of running over to his own. But, as luck would have it, there was still no convenient moment, since the front was on the defensive, and the Nazis were vigilantly watching the Vlasovites. He had to take part in the battles against his own, although, of course, he shot upwards. In the end, he was captured, of course, he surrendered himself ... I believed him: he was telling the truth. Certainly, he was not one of those who were eager to serve the enemy. Simply, being in captivity, he put his own life above honor and decided to outwit the Nazis. And here is the disastrous result of this trick...
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary arguments Vasil Bykov, article “How the story “Sotnikov” was created This real case prompted the writer of the moral idea underlying the story “Sotnikov” and developed with uncompromising consistency, but without any simplifications, coarsening. “Sotnikov by nature is not at all a hero without fear and reproach,” the author wrote about him in the same article, “and if he honestly dies, it is because, first of all, that his moral basis in the circumstances did not allow him to act differently, to look for another end . The fisherman is also not a scoundrel by nature; if circumstances had turned out differently, perhaps a completely different side of his character would have manifested itself and he would have appeared before people in a completely different light. But the inexorable force of military circumstances forced everyone to make the most decisive choice in human life - to die with dignity or to live vilely. And everyone chose their own.
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary Arguments "Taras Bulba" by N.V. Gogol The youngest son of Taras Bulba - "mazunchik" Andriy - lived not according to the laws of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, but according to the call of his heart. One night, Andriy cannot sleep for a long time. Suddenly, a Tatar woman appears in front of him, in whom he recognizes the maid of the pannochka, with whom he was in love even in bursa. The girl tells him that the lady is starving, like all the inhabitants of Dubno. Seeing Andriy from the city rampart and recognizing him, she sent a Tatar woman to the Cossacks: let her find the knight and beg him to bring her bread. Andriy does not hesitate for a minute. He takes as much bread in sacks as he can carry, and the Tatar woman secretly leads him into the city. The extinct, exhausted city makes a painful impression on Andrii. "Moved by compassion", Andriy throws one of the loaves to the starving Pole; he greedily pounces on bread and immediately dies: he has not eaten for too long.
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary Arguments "Taras Bulba" by N.V. Gogol The Tatar brings Andrii to the pannochka. The girl thanks the “knight” from the bottom of her heart. She inquires about whether the bread has been taken to her hungry parents, and only then does she eat herself. Andriy is ready to fulfill her every desire. But she stops him, bitterly reminding him that they cannot unite: they are separated by differences of faith, war and much more. The girl is smart; she honestly, disinterestedly reminds him of his duty: "Your name is father, comrades, fatherland - and we are your enemies." But Andria can no longer be brought to reason by word or deed. He answers like this: “What about my father, comrades, fatherland? .. I don’t have anyone! Nobody, nobody! Who said that my homeland is Ukraine? who gave it to me in the fatherland? The fatherland is what our soul seeks, which is sweeter for it than anything. My homeland is you! .. and everything that is, I will sell, give, destroy for such a homeland! And the Cossack died! - exclaims Gogol, - disappeared for the entire Cossack chivalry! He will no longer see Zaporozhye, nor his father's farms, nor the Church of God.
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Loyalty and betrayal of the Fatherland, large and small homeland. Literary arguments “Taras Bulba” by N.V. Gogol For the Cossacks, whose law says: “There are no ties holier than comradeship,” Andriy is a traitor. Forgive the traitor son or punish the unfaithful? Taras Bulba does not ask this question. He does not think of himself outside the Sich and cannot forgive Andriy's betrayal. When Bulba saw how his son was fighting with the Cossacks, he could not stand it: “How? their own? do you beat your own, damn son? Taras asks the Cossacks to lure his son to the forest. In the forest, he overtakes Andriy and grabs his horse by the bridle.
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... in an instant, Andriy's anger disappeared, as if it had never happened at all. And he saw before him only one terrible father. - Well, what are we going to do now? - said Taras, looking directly into his eyes. But Andrii knew nothing to say, and stood with his eyes fixed on the ground. - What, son, did your Poles help you? Andriy was unresponsive. - So sell? sell faith? sell yours? Stop, get off your horse! Dutifully, like a child, he dismounted from his horse and stood dead or alive in front of Taras. - Stop and don't move! I gave birth to you, I will kill you! - said Taras and, stepping back a step, took the gun from his shoulder. Pale as a sheet was Andriy; one could see how quietly his lips moved and how he pronounced someone's name; but it was not the name of the fatherland, or mother, or brothers - it was the name of a beautiful Polish woman. Taras fired. Like an ear of bread cut with a sickle, like a young lamb that sensed deadly iron under its heart, he hung his head and fell on the grass without saying a single word.
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The Cossacks in the story “Taras Bulba” are the defenders of the Russian land and the Orthodox faith Cossack Mosiy Shilo, dying, turns to his comrades-in-arms: “Farewell, brothers-comrades! Let the Orthodox Russian land stand for ever and ever, and let it be eternally honored!” The Cossack Huska dies in the same way with the words: “Let all enemies perish, and the Russian land rejoices forever and ever!”
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Loyalty and betrayal to a loved one, spouse Possible formulations of the topic What does "swan fidelity" mean? Love and betrayal are incompatible things. Do cheating justify jealousy? How to forgive the betrayal of a loved one? Does loyalty always speak of love? Does it make sense to demand fidelity from a person if there is no love? What would our world be like if loyalty and love disappeared? Confirm or refute the words of F. Schiller: "True love helps to endure all hardships"
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Loyalty and betrayal of a loved one, spouse Possible theses, wise thoughts To be faithful is a virtue, to know loyalty is an honor. Loyalty is only tested by time. Loyalty in love is manifested not in the absence of connections on the side, but in help in difficult times, in the ability to take a mortal risk for the sake of a loved one. Cheating in love is the infliction of a deep spiritual wound on the lover, betrayal. The one who loves will forgive betrayal. Cheating can be forgiven, but resentment cannot. (A. Akhmatova) “If you love me, then you are with me, for me, always, everywhere and under any circumstances” (V. V. Mayakovsky). The one who loves must share the fate of the one he loves. (M. Bulgakov, The Master and Margarita)
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Loyalty and betrayal to a loved one, spouse Possible theses, wise thoughts Love ... is stronger than death and fear of death. Only it, only love holds and moves life (I.S. Turgenev, "Sparrow") When you love, you do not want to drink any other water, except for the one that you find in your favorite source. Loyalty in this case is a natural thing. In a loveless marriage, in less than two months, the spring water becomes bitter. (Stendhal) Faithful love helps to endure all hardships. (F. Schiller) To save love, one must not change, but change. (K. Melikhan) “His loyalty is like the style of his hats: it changes with each new blank” (W. Shakespeare).
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Fidelity and betrayal in love Literary arguments Examples of fidelity An amazing example of fidelity is Penelope, who has been waiting for her wandering husband for two decades. Not every woman could resist the courtship of such enviable suitors who wooed the wife of Odysseus.
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Loyalty and betrayal in love Literary arguments Examples of fidelity I LOVE YOU ... I loved you: love still, perhaps, In my soul has not completely died out; But don't let it bother you anymore; I don't want to sadden you with anything. I loved you silently, hopelessly, Now with timidity, now with jealousy; I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly, How God forbid you be loved to be different. 1829 A.S. Pushkin
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Fidelity and betrayal in love Literary arguments of AS Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" And happiness was so possible, So close!.. But my fate Already decided. Carelessly, Perhaps, I did: My mother begged me with tears of spells; for poor Tanya All the lots were equal... I got married. You must, I ask you, leave me; I know: in your heart there is Both pride and direct honor. I love you (why dissemble?), But I am given to another; I will be faithful to him forever.
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Loyalty and betrayal in love Literary arguments Examples of fidelity “If you love me, then you are with me, for me, always, everywhere and under all circumstances” (V. V. Mayakovsky).
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Fidelity and betrayal in love Literary arguments Examples of fidelity: A. Kuprin "The Lilac Bush" I.A. Kuprin's story "The Lilac Bush" tells about a young Almazov family. Nikolai Evgrafovich is a young officer, studying at the Academy of the General Staff. Studying is very difficult for him, he was able to enter only after two unsuccessful attempts. Next to him all this time selflessly loving his wife Verochka. It is she who inspires him and supports him in all endeavors, helps him in his studies and tries to create all the necessary conditions, although this is not easy for a family of their prosperity. “She was, as needed, his copyist, draftsman, reader, tutor and memorial book.” And most importantly - Verochka, being a real optimist, teaches her husband perseverance and self-confidence. From the last exam, Almazov comes home upset. He had to present the floor plan to the professor. Almazov had drawn it the night before and, out of fatigue, had put an ink spot on the map. To disguise it, he painted bushes on the spot.
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The professor was very pedantic. He said he knew the area better than his own bedroom, there were no bushes there. Nikolai, not wanting to admit his mistake and the lie that followed it, continued to insist on his own. But the professor, convinced of his innocence, decided to go to the area the next day to prove that there were no bushes there, and there never were. Nikolai understood that tomorrow he would not only be expelled, but simply disgraced. This broke him completely. But Vera instantly comes up with a solution and selflessly rushes to save her beloved husband. Having handed over all her modest jewelry to a pawnshop, sacrificing even her beloved old ringlet, she finds a gardener in the middle of the night and asks him to take people and go to the place to plant bushes ... At first, Nikolai does not like this whole idea, but seeing his wife's fuse, her frantic desire to help him, he himself begins to believe in the success of the case. In the end, all these efforts will pay off. Lilac bushes will surprise the old professor a lot, and Nikolai will be given the opportunity to see once again how much his wife loves, how much she believes in him. Literary arguments Examples of fidelity: A. Kuprin "Lilac Bush"
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Loyalty and betrayal in love Literary arguments Examples of betrayal N.M. Karamzin “Poor Lisa” (1792) A sentimental story The story of the tragic love of a poor girl and a young nobleman won the hearts of many of the writer's contemporaries and was received with great enthusiasm.
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Literary arguments Examples of betrayal NM Karamzin "Poor Lisa" (1792) Liza and Erast - the main characters of the story - embodied different ideals and principles. Liza (Elizabeth in translation - "honoring God") - beautiful in soul and body, of rare beauty, worked day and night, kind ... peasant girl, whose main feature is the ability to feel. She acts according to the dictates of her heart and feelings, which ultimately led her to death. The name Erast means "beloved". This is a rather rich nobleman, with a fair mind and a kind heart ... but weak and windy. He led a distracted life, thinking only about his own pleasure... life in the world tires him and brings boredom. Erast truly falls in love, but does not think about the future at all, because Lisa is not his circle, and he will never be able to marry her. The writer makes him not an insidious seducer, but a sincerely fallen in love man who, due to weakness of character, could not pass the test and keep his love.
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Loyalty and betrayal is always a choice of one's behavior in a relationship with a loved one. Literary arguments Examples of betrayal “After all, this is not good, this is a sin, Varenka, why do I love another?” (A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm") The heroine of Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm" cheated on her husband. With all her heart she fell in love with Boris - a weak, weak-willed person. Katerina's secret meetings with him are a desire for love, mutual understanding. She realizes the sinfulness of her behavior and suffers from it. Suicide is a mortal sin, Katerina knows it. But she goes for it for various reasons, including not being able to forgive herself for betrayal. Can the reader justify the heroine? He can understand, he can sympathize, but he can hardly justify. And not only because the commandment is broken - betrayal is difficult to forgive.
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Loyalty and betrayal in love Literary arguments Examples of betrayal “I am tormented only by the evil that I did to him. Just tell him that I ask him to forgive, forgive, forgive me for everything ... ". (Natasha Rostova about Andrei. LN Tolstoy "War and Peace"). The story of the quarrel between Natasha and Prince Andrei, the collapse of a seemingly ideal love story outrages, makes us again and again look for the answer to the question: “How did the vile, narrow-minded Anatole Kuragin eclipsed the brilliant, refined, intelligent Bolkonsky in the eyes of young Rostova”? What pushed Natasha into the arms of the "vile, heartless breed"? The reader experiences the fall of Natasha, her tears and pain with all his heart and, without noticing it himself, makes his choice in favor of fidelity, sympathizing, nevertheless condemns the betrayal of the heroine.
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Loyalty and betrayal in love Literary arguments Examples of betrayal L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” “I remember,” Prince Andrei hastily answered, “I said that a fallen woman must be forgiven, but I did not say that I could forgive. I cant".
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Fidelity and betrayal in love Literary arguments Examples of betrayal IA Bunin "Caucasus" A married woman leaves with her lover to the south. Her husband, after a long search, commits suicide. The reason for this behavior remains unknown. Did he kill himself because of the loss of a loved one, or because of honor and nobility? After all, he once said to the heroine: “I will stop at nothing, defending my honor, the honor of my husband and officer! Is the cheating wife guilty of what happened? Undoubtedly. She acted selfishly, meanly, dishonestly: she did not think about the feelings that would torment her husband, and most importantly, about the consequences.
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Fidelity and betrayal in love Literary arguments Examples of betrayal I.A. Bunin “Dark Alleys” The heroine of the novel “Dark Alleys” managed to keep in her memory the fidelity of her first and only love in her life for Nikolai, somewhere in the depths of her soul the flame of this beautiful glimmers feelings, so strongly experienced by her in her youth for "Nikolenka", to whom, as the heroine says, she gave "her beauty". For Nikolai, the relationship with Nadezhda is a fleeting passion for the handsome master of the maid. He did not even understand that he had betrayed his beloved, changed their love when he simply forgot about her.
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But it turned out that it was this love that was the main thing in his life. Nikolai has no happiness: his wife cheated on him and left him, and his son grew up "without a heart, without honor, without a conscience." The betrayal of love makes both unhappy, and loyalty to the beloved warms the heart of the heroine, although at the meeting she accuses him, not forgiving him for betrayal: “No, Nikolai Alekseevich, I didn’t forgive. Since our conversation touched upon our feelings, I will say frankly: I could never forgive you. Just as I had nothing more precious than you in the world at that time, so I didn’t have it later either. That's why I can't forgive you." Literary arguments Examples of betrayal I.A. Bunin "Dark alleys"
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Loyalty and betrayal towards a friend, comrade, person who has confided Possible themes What does it mean to be "loyal to a friend"? A faithful friend is better than a hundred servants (Proverb) Why do they say: "Die yourself, but help your comrade out"? What is trust? Can friendship remain after infidelity? How do you understand the saying of V. Hugo "half friend - half traitor"? Is it possible to deal with a person who cannot be trusted? A friend in need is a friend indeed. “A friend is known in luck more sometimes than in trouble” (A. Dementiev)
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Loyalty and betrayal in relation to a friend, comrade, a person who has trusted Possible theses, wise thoughts There must always be someone who can be trusted, otherwise life is unbearable. / You can't trust anyone. We must be faithful to our friends. To be faithful to a friend means to be ready to help in trouble. A true friend will forgive betrayal. / A friend's betrayal cannot be forgiven. You should only be friends with those you can trust. An unfaithful friend should be given another chance. If a friend betrayed you, part with him or accept the fact that he will betray you again - people do not change (Arthur Schopenhauer) If a person betrayed once, he will betray the second. You can't give a second chance. A betrayal of a friend is much more painful than a betrayal of a loved one, because you expect it less from him. (Etienne Rey) An unfaithful friend is like a shadow that follows you while the sun is shining. (K. Dossi) A devotee to you is a friend; betrayed by you is an enemy. (A. Nadanyan)
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Loyalty and betrayal in relation to a friend, comrade, a person who has trusted Possible theses, wise thoughts When you do not need anything, You are well-fed, shod, dressed and even happy, Remember your friend's address. Let him tell you his sadness (S. Stepanov). Friendship is the most necessary thing for life, since no one wants to live without friends, even if he had all the other benefits. (Aristotle) A friend is one who, whenever you need him, knows about it. (J. Renard) A friend is a person who knows everything about you and does not stop loving you. (E. Hubbard) A true friend should be our second "I". (Cicero) A man without friends is like a tree without roots. A bird is strong with its wings, but a man is strong with friendship. Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends. Tell me who your friend is and I will tell you who you are. (Proverbs)
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Possible theses, wise thoughts Happiness to have a friend who does not renounce you in difficult times (Boris Vasiliev). If a friend turned out to be suddenly And not a friend, and not an enemy, but - so, If you can’t immediately make out, Is he good or bad, - Pull the guy into the mountains - take a chance! Do not leave him alone, Let him be in a bundle in one with you - There you will understand who he is. (Vladimir Vysotsky, "Song of a friend") Loyalty and betrayal in relation to a friend, comrade, a person who trusted
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Literary arguments: the novel "Oblomov" by I. Goncharov Loyalty and betrayal in relation to a friend, comrade, person who trusted A true friend is better than a hundred servants
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Literary arguments: the novel "Oblomov" by I. Goncharov Loyalty and betrayal in relation to a friend, comrade, person who trusted
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Literary arguments: The epic novel "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy Loyalty and betrayal towards friends ... you know that Sonya is my friend, such a friend that I will burn my hand for her. Look... I burned this to prove my love to her. I just kindled the ruler on fire, and pressed it ... (Natasha Rostova - “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy) Rostovs know how to be friends
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Literary arguments: The epic novel “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy Loyalty and betrayal towards friends Ultimate frankness and honesty between two people, when neither one can even have the thought of betrayal or apostasy - between Prince Andrei and Pierre develops just such relationships. They deeply respect and understand each other, in the most difficult moments of doubt and failure, they come for advice. It is no coincidence that Prince Andrei, going abroad, tells Natasha to turn to Pierre for help only. Pierre has been in love with Natasha for a long time, but he does not even have the thought of taking advantage of Prince Andrei's departure to court her. Against. Although it is very difficult and difficult for Pierre, he helps Natasha in the story with Anatole Kuragin, he considers it an honor and duty to protect and protect his friend's bride.
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Literary arguments: A. Dementyev's poem Loyalty and betrayal towards friends A friend is known in luck Just as sometimes as in trouble. If he does not hide his soul, Feelings do not keep in check. A friend is known in luck. If your Friend's luck does not please, then your Friend is as cunning as a snake. Or bitter envy Reason eclipsed him, And, coveting your success, He will not forgive anything. He will not forgive... But otherwise He will tell you about it. A friend is known in luck More sometimes than in trouble.
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Literary arguments: the story "Taras Bulba" by N.V. Gogol Loyalty and betrayal towards comrades Taras's speech about partnership “I would like to tell you, gentlemen, what our partnership is. You heard from your fathers and grandfathers in what honor our land was for everyone: it let the Greeks know itself, and took chervonets from Tsargrad, and the cities were magnificent, and temples, and princes ... of the Russian kind, their princes, and not Catholic distrust. The busurmans took everything, everything was lost ... That's the time we, comrades, gave a hand to the brotherhood; that's what our partnership stands for! there is no bond more holy than fellowship! A father loves his child, a mother loves her child... but that's not it, brothers... only a Russian person can become related by kinship by soul, and not by blood. There were comrades in other lands, but there were no such comrades as in the Russian land ... to love as the Russian soul loves, to love not only with the mind or anything else, but with everything that God has given, whatever is in you … No, no one can love like that! I know that mean things have now begun in our land: they only think that they should have grain stacks with them, and horse herds ... adopt Busurman customs; they abhor their tongue; his own does not want to talk to his own; he sells his own, as they sell a soulless creature in a trading market ... Let them all know what partnership means in the Russian land. If it comes to that, to die, then none of them will ever die like that! no one, no one! they don’t have enough mouse nature for that!”
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Loyalty and betrayal in relation to oneself, one's moral principles, one's vocation, goals, word, religious beliefs, etc. Possible theses, wise thoughts Loyalty to convictions can help you survive in inhuman conditions. A person has the right to change his mind. Sometimes loyalty to beliefs becomes a heavy burden / breaks life. Without fidelity to convictions, life is difficult/easier. Stupid is the man who never changes his mind (Winston Churchill) Whoever never changes his views loves himself more than the truth. (J. Joubert) Whoever betrays himself does not love anyone in this world. (Shakespeare)
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Loyalty and betrayal in relation to oneself, one's moral principles, one's vocation, goals, word, religious beliefs, etc. Possible theses, wise thoughts To change or not to change is entirely up to you. The main thing is not to cheat on yourself, not to waste on what is really not needed, and to be able to keep what is really valuable. (O. Roy) Nothing weighs more than devotion (Agatha Christie)
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Literary arguments: The epic novel "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy Loyalty and betrayal of one's convictions Andrey Bolkonsky is an example of loyalty to one's convictions. One of the main beliefs of the hero is the belief that it is necessary to be honest with yourself and others. Page after page, the life story of the prince convinces of this. Remember the conversation with Pierre Bezukhov upon returning from the salon of A.P. Scherer. Bolkonsky does not hide family problems, complains about premature marriage and advises a friend not to repeat mistakes. Having grown up in the world, cordially received by him, Bolkonsky does not consider it necessary to pretend to hide a feeling of hostility towards an empty life: living rooms, their regulars, gossip, vanity, envy. The desire to remain honest with himself leads him to war. And already being at the forefront, the hero realizes that his plans and aspirations are ambitious, and participation in the decisive battle of Austerlitz is caused not only by patriotic feelings.
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Literary arguments: The epic novel “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy Loyalty and betrayal of one’s convictions Reading the story of Andrei Bolkonsky, one begins to understand that loyalty to oneself, one’s convictions will definitely “follow ... loyalty to other people.” Remember the state of the prince during his meeting with Pierre Bezukhov on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. Confident that his place in the regiment, among the soldiers and officers, Bolkonsky understands that the outcome of tomorrow's battle will depend on him. The prince does not hide his contempt for those who, in difficult days for the Fatherland, use every minute to receive another award. The devotion of the hero to his subordinates, the Russian people, the Fatherland is amazing! The prince is sure: they will definitely win the battle tomorrow! Seeing how worried Andrei Bolkonsky is when talking about Moscow, Smolensk, how suddenly he falls silent from an unexpected convulsion, how feverishly his eyes shine, you understand that, brought up in devotion to his own convictions, he will not be able to betray others' faith in him.
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Literary arguments: A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Loyalty and betrayal of the oath Traitor Alexei Shvabrin did not protect honor from a young age. The author characterizes him as a cynical empty person, capable of slandering a girl only because she refused him reciprocity, as a low person, a traitor, a coward, a traitor. When, during the assault and capture of the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin realizes that the siege of a poorly fortified fortress cannot be sustained, he goes over to the side of Pugachev. Later, in order to save his life, Shvabrin kowtows to Pugachev. “Shvabrin fell to his knees ... At that moment, contempt drowned out all feelings of hatred and anger in me. I looked with disgust at the nobleman, wallowing at the feet of a runaway Cossack,” recalls Grinev. Aleksey Shvabrin will forever remain a stranger among his own, his own among strangers He betrayed his homeland, his beloved girl, friend, all the inhabitants of the Belogorsk fortress, and the attitude of "his own" towards him will always be contemptuous.
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Literary arguments: B. Vasiliev “My horses are flying” Loyalty and betrayal of professional duty I already vaguely remember this stooped thin man, who all my life seemed to be an old man. Leaning on a large umbrella, he walked tirelessly from dawn to dusk over a vast area. It was a region of the poor, cabbies did not go here, and Dr. Jansen had no money for them. And there were tireless feet, great patience and duty. The unpaid debt of an intellectual to his people. And the doctor wandered around a good quarter of the provincial city of Smolensk without days off and without holidays, because illnesses also knew no holidays or days off, and Dr. Jansen fought for people's lives. In winter and summer, in slush and blizzard, day and night. The medical and human authority of Dr. Jansen was higher than one can imagine in our time. He had the rarest gift to live not for himself, to think not of himself, to care not for himself, never to deceive anyone, and always to tell the truth, no matter how bitter it may be.
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Loyalty and betrayal of professional duty Such people cease to be only specialists: people's grateful rumor ascribes to them wisdom bordering on holiness. And Dr. Jansen did not escape this. A person elevated to the rank of a saint during his life is no longer free in his death, unless, of course, this halo of holiness is created by artificial lighting. Dr. Jansen was a saint of the city of Smolensk, and therefore doomed to a special, martyr's death. No, he was not looking for a heroic death, but a heroic death was looking for him. Dr. Jansen suffocated in a sewer while saving children. In those days, the city center already had a sewage system that was constantly torn, and then deep wells were dug. A gate with a bucket was installed above the wells, which pumped out leaked sewage. The procedure was lengthy, the workers were not managed in one shift, everything stopped until the morning, and then we took possession of the tub and the collar. No, not in one skating - a swift fall, standing on a tub, and a slow rise from the darkness - the attractive power of this entertainment lurked.
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Loyalty and betrayal of professional duty The failure to the underworld, where one cannot breathe, where the air is oversaturated with methane, was directly connected with the recent past of our fathers, with their risk, their conversations, their memories. Our fathers went through not only civil, but also the world, "German" war, where real poisonous substances were used. And we, holding our breath, with a beating heart, flew into the stinking holes, as if into a gas attack. Usually one stood on the tub, and two turned the collar. But one day they decided to ride together, and the rope broke. Dr. Jansen appeared when two boys rushed near the well. Having sent them for help, the doctor immediately went down into the well, found the already unconscious boys, managed to pull one out and, without resting, climbed for the second. He went down, realized that he could not get up again, tied the boy to a piece of rope and lost consciousness. The boys recovered quickly, but Dr. Jansen could not be saved. Thus, the last saint of the city of Smolensk perished, paying for the lives of two boys at the cost of his life, and I was shocked not only by his death, but also by his funeral. All Smolensk, young and old, buried their Doctor.
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Literary arguments: V. Bykov "Obelisk" Loyalty and betrayal of professional duty The "Obelisk" tells about the difficult, tragic fate of an ordinary rural teacher Ales Ivanovich Moroz. In the hearts of his fellow villagers, he forever remained a true hero, although he was not officially recognized as such. Many years after the war, one of the young officials claims that the act of the teacher cannot be called a feat. But Moroz's student, teacher Pavel Miklashevich, devoted his whole life to ensuring that the deed of Ales Ivanovich was still appreciated as a feat, and his name was included in the list of heroes in whose memory an obelisk was erected in the village.
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Literary arguments: V. Bykov "Obelisk" Loyalty and betrayal of professional duty In peacetime, Frost gave his love and care to students who, over the long years of communication, became his family. Some he escorted home late in the evening, others he protected from the wrath of his parents, he took the blame for the children who committed unseemly acts, believing that this was his oversight as a teacher. Frost did not try to make his students "excellent students and obedient crammers" - he tried to help them become real people. And all subsequent events confirmed the correctness of this teacher's choice. When the war began, he did not leave his native place, but obtained permission from the German authorities to continue working at school. Frost believed that "he humanized these guys not in order to dehumanize them later." Truly severe trials fall on the lot of guys who are selflessly devoted to their mentor. Trying to save Frost from arrest, the guys are captured by the Germans. But even under torture, none of them talks about Ales Ivanovich.
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Literary arguments: V. Bykov "Obelisk" Loyalty and betrayal of professional duty The voluntary surrender of Frost to the Germans, when they promised to let the children go if the teacher surrenders, speaks of fidelity to one's idea of teacher's and human duty. Ales Ivanovich could not betray his students, could not leave them alone in their dying hour. And until the last moment he remained a noble man, not considering himself a hero, he tried to cheer up, calm the guys. Fortunately, before the execution, one of the boys (Pavlik Miklashevich) managed to escape, he was seriously injured, but survived, and many years later continued the work of his teacher. Ales Ivanovich Moroz met death with his students, just like Janusz Korczak, the Polish teacher who entered the gas chamber with his pupils. One cannot but admire the courage and dedication of these teachers.
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Literary arguments: V. Rasputin "French Lessons" Loyalty and betrayal of professional duty An example of a teacher who is sympathetic, attentive to his pupils is the heroine of Rasputin's story "French Lessons". Lidia Mikhailovna cannot stand aside, she cannot show indifference to a child experiencing life's difficulties. Seeing in the main character a capable student who was not given the phonetics of the “mysterious language”, and a lonely child trying to cope with constant hunger on his own, the teacher invited him to her house not so much to teach him pronunciation as wanting to feed him. But the boy cannot afford to sit at the teacher's table, and Lidia Mikhailovna finds a good way out - a game for money: now the hero has money again, he can again buy milk for himself. Nor has he contacted a dubious company of idlers, does not gamble with them. Lidia Mikhailovna, of course, imagined that this story could end for her with dismissal from work. But she really helped the child, did not remain indifferent to someone else's misfortune. She is a real teacher with a soul open to children, and she understands perfectly well that it is better to commit such an “ugly” act and lose a ruble for milk for a child, but help him survive and not lose himself, his individuality, his dignity, than to observe subordination, to do everything the rules accepted in society, and indifferently pass by.
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Literary arguments: The story of A.P. Chekhov "In the Pharmacy" Loyalty and betrayal of professional duty In Chekhov's story "In the Pharmacy" silent, pedantic in everything, arrogant and indifferent to the patient's request, the pharmacist, who has only mutually beneficial relations in the first place, and not sympathy and disinterested acts, refuses the patient medicine, as he lacks six kopecks. The teacher Svoykin, who asked for help, tries to start a conversation with the pharmacist and find understanding, promises to repay the debt, but they don’t hear him, they don’t want to hear. A strict man behind the counter watches with indifference as a patient in dire need of help leaves empty-handed. Of course, the pharmacist is a formalist, without the ability to sympathize with others, one cannot work with people. This is the idea of the story. The author leaves the story about the fate of the teacher unfinished. The open ending gives the reader the opportunity to guess what ultimately happened to the patient. Did he die or did he go to the pharmacy in the morning? The author deliberately leaves this question open to show what a formal, indifferent attitude to one's professional duties can lead to.
Final essay on literature 2018. The theme of the final essay on literature. "Loyalty and betrayal".
Loyalty and betrayal- these are two complex social concepts that are of great importance for humanity.
Loyalty, as we understand it, is a positive characteristic. Change, in turn, has a negative connotation.
It is worth considering loyalty and betrayal not only in the prism of a love relationship between two people. These concepts are universal.
Loyalty- a moral and ethical concept, according to Ozhegov's dictionary: perseverance and immutability in feelings, relationships, in the performance of one's duties, duty. Infidelity is treason.
"Loyalty is devotion to someone or something; it is immutability in one's promises, words, relationships, in the performance of one's duties, duty. Loyalty is based on responsibility, perseverance, honesty, courage, sacrifice. Similar qualities: dedication, immutability, firmness, steadfastness Opposites: treachery, betrayal, unfaithfulness, betrayal, deceit.
Synonyms: devotion, constancy, endurance, immutability, firmness, steadfastness, zeal, diligence, honesty, accuracy, serviceability, conscientiousness, accuracy, correctness, infallibility, justice, reliability; love,; certainty, infallibility, orthodoxy, commitment, indisputability, evidence, certainty, self-evidence, reliability, undistortedness.
Treason- infidelity to someone or something.
Synonyms: betrayal, treachery, infidelity; fornication, strikebreaking, adultery, a knife in the back, adultery, adultery, apostasy, adultery.
FIPI commentary: "Within the framework of the direction, one can talk about fidelity and betrayal as opposite manifestations of the human personality, considering them from a philosophical, ethical, psychological point of view and referring to life and literary examples. The concepts of "fidelity" and "treason" are at the center of the plots of many works of different eras and characterize the actions of heroes in a situation of moral choice, both in personal relationships and in a social context.
Since these concepts are quite broad, we will consider them in a different context.
1. Loyalty / betrayal in the broadest sense.
3. Loyalty (treason) to the Motherland, public duty
4. Loyalty / betrayal in relation to a friend, comrade, person who trusted.
5. Loyalty / betrayal in relation to oneself, one's moral principles, one's vocation, goals, word, religious beliefs.
6. Loyalty of animals to their owners.
Quotes for the final essay in the direction "Loyalty and treason".
1. Loyalty/treason.
Trust is a sign of courage, and loyalty is a sign of strength. (Maria Ebner Eschenbach)
Cheating can be forgiven, but resentment cannot. (A. Akhmatova)
How can you deal with someone you can't trust? If the wagon has no axle, how can you ride it? (Confucius)
Who never swore allegiance, he will never break it. (August Platen)
Happiness needs fidelity, misfortune can do without it. (Seneca)
Only once do we lose life and trust. (Publius Sir)
Constancy is the basis of virtue. (O. Balzac)
To be faithful is a virtue, to know loyalty is an honor. (Maria Ebner-Eschenbach)
Without constancy there can be no love, no friendship, no virtue. (D. Addison)
A noble heart cannot be unfaithful. (O. Balzac)
The slightest infidelity towards us we judge much more severely than the most insidious betrayal towards others. (F. La Rochefoucauld)
In this world, I value only loyalty. Without it, you are nobody and you have nobody. In life, this is the only currency that will never depreciate. (Vysotsky V.S.)
Betrayal originates in the heart before it manifests itself in action. (J. Swift)
Readers can change the writer as much as they like, but the writer must always be faithful to the reader. (W. H. Auden)
Betrayals are committed most often not by deliberate intent, but by weakness of character. (F. de La Rochefoucauld)
Loyalty, which can only be maintained at the cost of great effort, is no better than treason.
(F. de La Rochefoucauld)
Traitors are despised even by those they serve. (Tacitus Publius Cornelius)
2. Loyalty / betrayal in the love sphere.
In the demand for fidelity - the greed of the owner. We would willingly give up a lot if it were not for the fear that someone else would pick it up (O. Wilde)
Faithful love helps to endure all hardships. (F. Schiller)
If your wife cheated on you, then rejoice that she cheated on you, and not on the fatherland. (A.P. Chekhov)
People often cheat for the sake of ambition, but then they will never cheat on ambition for the sake of love. (F. de La Rochefoucauld)
Constancy is the everlasting dream of love. (Vauvenargue)
They love those who are going to betray, but they hate those who have already betrayed. (Dm. Arkady)
One cannot hope for female fidelity; happy who looks at it indifferently. (A.S. Pushkin)
When you love, you do not want to drink any other water than the one you find in your favorite spring. Loyalty in this case is a natural thing. In a loveless marriage, in less than two months, the spring water becomes bitter. (Stendhal)
The basis of love, its first condition is faith, unconditional fidelity and devotion. True love is not blind; on the contrary, it may open the eyes of a person for the first time. The slightest betrayal of a loved one, if it happened sooner or later, is a complete betrayal of everything, from the very beginning, it destroys not only the future, but also the past, because this means that every day of a life full of trust was a lie and the heart was deceived. Anyone who has been unfaithful at least once has never been faithful. (David Scott)
3. Loyalty/treason to the motherland, public duty.
Treason to the motherland requires extreme baseness of the soul. (N.G. Chernyshevsky)
There is only one crime that cannot be redeemed - this is treason to one's state. The motherland cannot be changed, it can only be betrayed. A person who truly loves the Motherland always knows its price ... To express your opinion, it is not necessary to be a famous person ... (E.V. Gushchina)
Ignorance, selfishness and betrayal - these are the three irreconcilable enemies of patriotism. (Garegin Need)
There is no higher idea than how to sacrifice your own life, defending your brothers and your fatherland. (F.M. Dostoevsky)
You can't be a hero fighting against your homeland. (Hugo W.)
Is it possible to run away from yourself by leaving your homeland? (Horace)
If the holy army shouts: “Throw Rus', live in paradise!”, I will say: “Don’t need paradise, Give me my homeland.” (S.A. Yesenin)
Everyone's duty is to love their homeland, to be incorruptible and courageous, to remain faithful to it, even at the cost of life. (J.-J. Rousseau)
I understand loyalty as loyalty to the homeland, and not to its institutions and rulers. Motherland is true, lasting, eternal; the motherland must be protected, one must love it, one must be faithful to it; institutions are something external, like clothes, and clothes can wear out, tear, become uncomfortable, stop protecting the body from cold, illness and death. (M. Twain)
4. Loyalty / betrayal in relation to a friend, comrade, etc.
Be loyal to the one who is loyal to you. (Plat)
And in friendship, and in love, sooner or later, the time comes for settling accounts. (D.B. Shaw)
A betrayal of a friend is much more painful than a betrayal of a loved one, because you expect it less from him. (Etienne Rey)
Cheating on a friend is a crime
No excuse, no forgiveness. (Lope de Vega)
Loyalty is the commandment of friendship, the most precious thing that can be given to a person at all. (E. Telman)
Half friend, half traitor. (V. Hugo)
An unfaithful friend is like a shadow that follows you while the sun is shining. (K. Dossi)
A devotee to you is a friend; betrayed by you is an enemy. (A. Nadanyan)
5. Loyalty / betrayal in relation to oneself, one's moral principles, one's vocation, goals, word, religious beliefs, etc.
Be true to yourself, and then just as surely as night follows day, loyalty to other people will follow. (Shakespeare)
The liveliness of the mind does not paint a person too much if it is not accompanied by the fidelity of judgments. Not those watches are good that go fast, but those that show the exact time. (Vauvenargue)
The word "loyalty" has done a lot of harm. People have learned to be "faithful" to a thousand injustices and lawlessness. Meanwhile, they should have been true only to themselves, and then they would have rebelled against deceit. (M. Twain)
Traitors betray themselves first of all. (Plutarch)
6. Loyalty of animals to their owners.
White Fang did not like Gray Beaver - and yet remained faithful to him in defiance of his will, his anger. He couldn't help himself. This is how he was created. Loyalty was the property of the White Fang breed, loyalty distinguished him from all other animals, loyalty led the wolf and wild dog to man and allowed them to become his comrades. (J. London)
Loyalty is a quality that people have lost, but dogs have retained. (A.P. Chekhov)
Not a single dog in the world considers ordinary devotion to be something unusual. But people came up with the idea of exalting this feeling of a dog as a feat only because not all of them, and not so often, have loyalty to a friend and fidelity to duty so much that this is the root of life, the natural foundation of the being itself, when the nobility of the soul is a self-evident state. (G. Troepolsky)
A lot has already been written about dog loyalty, but no one seems to have said yet that loyalty is happiness. Whoever serves the one he loves already receives his reward. (L. Ashkenazi)
Whoever has experienced affection for a faithful and intelligent dog, there is no need to explain with what warm gratitude she pays for this. There is something in the unselfish and selfless love of the beast that conquers the heart of anyone who has more than once experienced the treacherous friendship and deceptive devotion inherent in Man. (E.A. Poe)
Essay in the direction: Loyalty and treason
Any betrayal is spiritual death, while fidelity is the main virtue of the spirit.
(about the fact that by betraying his beliefs, friends, homeland, a person deprives himself of the future, dooms himself to existence and, conversely, loyalty strengthens the human spirit)
The fact that the problem of fidelity and betrayal worries my contemporary can be seen by typing one of these words in a search engine. More than 3.5 thousand requests per month! And behind almost every one of them is the desire to evaluate the role of devotion and betrayal in our lives, to understand what is more important: to follow one's own convictions, to remain faithful to friends or to obey the point of view of the majority, to embark on the path of betrayal. Philosophers, psychologists consider these opposite manifestations of the human personality from the point of view of science, but each of us has to deal with devotion and cowardice, honesty and lies in reality. And in difficult situations of moral choice, it is necessary to make the right decision, remembering that "any betrayal is spiritual death, while loyalty is the main virtue of the spirit."
In the works of literature of various times and peoples, we will find enough examples that reveal the problem of fidelity and betrayal. Someone will discover the story of Pierre and Helen in Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace", others will be able to learn a lot from Pyotr Grinev from "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. .A. Bulgakov.
The story of betrayal and devotion for me was the work of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". A fascinating story about the struggle of the Cossacks against "evil and shame of faith and Cossack glory", about the old colonel and his sons, about love and death, taught a lesson in attitudes towards treason and fidelity. Before us is the main character of the work - the old Taras Bulba. He does not like an idle life - he longs to raise the Cossacks on a campaign so as not to lose the Cossack strength. And he is one with his people and therefore cannot imagine himself without the Zaporizhzhya Sich, comrades. Can the old Cossack be considered an example of fidelity and devotion? Of course, because he, being at the place of execution, feeling how the fire rises above the fire, how it grabs his legs and grows in flames over the tree, he thinks not about himself, not about death, but about the “lads”, saving the Cossacks! Both the despair and the joy that flashed in his eyes were caused by the situation of his comrades who were in trouble and managed to escape. True loyalty to the Orthodox faith, the Russian land, the free Cossacks helped the hero to show his best qualities and remain a Man in a situation of difficult moral choice.
The story of N.V. Gogol shows an example of not only selfless devotion, but also treacherous betrayal. It is difficult to unambiguously relate to the youngest son of Taras Bulba. One can accept Andriy's feeling for the beautiful Polish woman, so strong that the young man seeks to protect the lady from hunger, secretly leaves his father and brother, and sneaks into the besieged city of Dubna. But it is impossible to understand the willingness of a Cossack to renounce his mother and father, comrades in the Zaporizhian Sich, the Orthodox faith and the Fatherland. It is painful to read about how, breaking all ties with the Motherland and family, Andriy takes part in a decisive battle on the side of the Poles, killing his former comrades. Terrible is the hero's death at the hands of his father, who called his traitor son a vile dog. Terrible is Taras Bulba's refusal to mourn Andriy and honestly bury his body in the earth. Remembering the words: “Every betrayal is spiritual death,” you realize that the traitor could not stay alive, because for relatives and comrades, the one who betrayed the holy cause was dead.
Once V. Bykov, describing the betrayal of Rybak and the feat of fidelity of the protagonist in the story "Sotnikov", introduced the word "liquidation" into the literature. The front-line writer of the 20th century continued the theme of treason and betrayal raised by N.V. Gogol. V. Bykov warns us, living in the 21st century: any betrayal turns life into existence, leaving a void in the soul, while loyalty reveals the main virtues of a person, makes him stronger.