The Sheremetevs are an ancient and, perhaps, the most famous family of Russian boyars.
Such well-known estates as Ostankino and Kuskovo are associated with the Sheremetyevs, but the land where we went is the first and oldest patrimony of the Sheremetyevs, granted to them at the beginning of the 16th century. We saw a temple complex built at the behest of the boyars, one of whose churches is over five hundred years old! But most importantly, we visited the so-called Four Springs, where pilgrims have been coming both in winter and summer for the past few years to swim and draw holy water. Few people know that only one of the four sources is truly ancient! We conducted a small independent investigation and determined from which source the Sheremetyevs took water, and which ones became popular recently.
The collection of the column was scheduled for 10 am at the 100th kilometer of the Don highway.
Today we were accompanied by Dmitry and Elena on a tarpaulin UAZ, Oleg with his family on a Patriot, Andrey with his wife and grandson on a Patriot, Andrey on a Duster, Alexei with his comrades on a Niva, and Andrey Evgenievich with his sons on a Niva.
Briefing before the start.
Some questions were caused by the movement of the column through the city of Stupino, which had to be passed through, the situation was complicated by the blocking of the main street due to the construction of an overpass. But we slipped through the narrow streets with a bunch of traffic lights surprisingly quickly.
Stupino
Almost immediately we cross the first ford.
A steep descent and then another.
All cars coped with these obstacles without problems, only for the Duster it was necessary to break the ice a little - they were afraid for the plastic bumpers.
The first attraction is the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the village of Staroe.
Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 1896 and 1902
Dmitry tells the history of these places.
The village of Staroe has been known since the 17th century. From the frequent raids of the Tatars and devastation in the Time of Troubles, by 1620 it turned into a wasteland. In 1775, a wooden church of the Nativity of the Mother of God was built in the village. The currently existing stone church of the Nativity of the Mother of God was erected at the expense of the Izmailov merchant family in 1893. In Soviet times, the temple was closed. No restoration work is currently underway.
Next to the temple are the ruins of a church building.
Once here, on a gentle slope leading to ponds on the Bunchikha River, the estate of Kurtino was located. Its owner was Count Pavel Martynovich Skavronsky (1757 - 1793) - the great-nephew of Catherine I, a well-known rich man and music lover, chamberlain, Russian envoy to the Neapolitan court. Unfortunately, only the stone church of the Icon of the Mother of God Joy of All Who Sorrow, consecrated in 1794, has survived from the buildings of the estate. The church was closed in the 1930s and is now abandoned.
Church of the Icon of the Mother of God Joy of All Who Sorrow, 1794.
Another village where there was a manor that has not survived to this day is Sukovo. This modest middle estate was founded in the first half of the 18th century, in the middle of the 19th century it belonged to Princess E. A. Yaroslavova. The compositional center was the manor house, now dismantled to the foundation, the front yard was limited by outbuildings and services. As in Kurtino, only a church from the middle of the 18th century has survived from the manor buildings.
Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in Sukovo. Built between 1745 and 1820.
Dmitry tells the story of the last rector of the Kazan church: he was hegumen Methodius (in the world Nikolai Mikhailovich Ivanov, born 1899), who was arrested in 1929, but after 3 years he returned from exile. On August 30, 1937, Ezhov's operational order No. 00447 was issued, where "churchmen" were classified as "anti-Soviet elements" in second place after the kulaks, but before members of political parties hostile to the system. Throughout the country, mass executions of clergymen began according to predetermined limits. The accusation was standard - "counter-revolutionary agitation." Hegumen Methodius was accused of "organizing illegal gatherings of anti-Soviet monastic elements who returned from exile, conducting extensive correspondence with the exile, providing material assistance to the exiles, and until recently carrying out secret monastic vows." On November 8, 1937, he was sentenced to death by firing squad. After that, the temple was closed and destroyed.
With the help of an ax and such and such a mother, the problem was solved, and the column moved on.
Across the river, the ruins of another estate appeared - Aleshkovo.
Ensemble in the style of classicism of the 1800s. placed on top of a gentle hill. The buildings are stretched along the slope and form a panorama designed for perception from the access road.
In the scribe books of the 16th century, it is recorded that the village of Alyoshkovo belonged to Ivan Andreevich Zhitov, and in 1577 the village passed into the possession of the hawk of the royal court M.V. Grigorov. The estate was formed at the beginning of the 19th century, when it belonged to P.A. Novikova. In the middle of the XIX century. passed to the family of Major General P.A. Kozhin. From the Kozhins, the estate was acquired by natives of serfs who bought the free one - the Shcherbakovs. At that time they owned a factory in the city of Ozyory. F. Shcherbakov started a potato-grinding establishment in Aleshkovo, a coal mill and 14 horse-drawn tokmaks for finishing calico, which was brought from his factory, with a jet of water. The potato plant produced raw starch for finishing fabrics. By the beginning of the 20th century, more than five hundred people lived in the estate.
Now only a dozen permanent residents live in Aleshkovo, summer residents also come here. From the estate there are ruins of the main house, services, a horse yard, an old linden park is noticeable, among the general picturesque devastation, the newly restored Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary stands out.
Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, 1819.
Main manor house.
Water tower.
As it turned out, it was not in vain that we refreshed ourselves, because it was not easy to leave Aleshkovo in the direction we needed.
7 days ago, there were no problems with this during the rolling - there was a normal rolled road, there was no snow all week, the last couple of days there was a plus in general. However, when leaving the field, there was simply no road - one big continuous crossing. Our UAZ briskly rushed forward and almost immediately sat down.
UAZ took to pull the Niva and sat down herself.
We decided to drag Niva with the Patriot, but the cable between her and Hunter turned out to be tight, and the jackle's finger was bitten. While Niva was being pushed and swayed in every possible way to unhook it, Gelik paved the way and pulled it to the side.
Apparently from happiness, the driver of the Niva, Vlad, decided to get lost and for some reason began to turn around in the snowy porridge.
Meanwhile, Gelik pulled out Hunter too.
On the already broken road, the rest of the participants of the trip passed without any problems.
In the rays of the setting sun, the field was beautiful!
A short drive along the highway and we again go to the field road.
Gelik and Patriot passed it without problems, and Duster again got scared for the plastic parts.
The rest of the ford can be said to have flown by.
We are approaching the “Four Springs” - this is the name of the miraculous springs located in the area of the village of Chirkovo. For the last decade, pilgrims have been coming to these places both in winter and in summer to swim and collect holy water. It remains to determine by indirect signs which of them is old, Sheremetevsky.
Before us is the source of the locally venerated saints Hieromartyr John (Pokrovsky) and Rev. Martyr Anna (Korneeva), who were martyred for their faith in 1938.
Spring of Saints John and Anna
It is crowded around - locals come here with bottles for water. We also try the water, look around, different versions sound, and now Oleg makes the right verdict - the source is a large-diameter pipe from which a stream of water escapes - this is part of the old water supply that led to the barnyard, and the ruins nearby are the old boiler room. A well with a pump, which is not working now, can be found five meters above the pipe.
Very close by is another source - the Tsar's - in honor of the great martyrs, martyrs of Tsar Nicholas 2 and Tsesarevich, the youth Alexy, who were killed for the faith and the Fatherland. Such a dedication is not accidental, since the root of the clan of the Sheremetev and Romanov boyars is one. The source is a small lake of turquoise color, with bubbling springs and fish swimming in clear water.
Royal source.
In fact, the Royal Spring looks very cool. And the fish swim in it even in February! Don't believe? Watch the underwater video made by Andrey:
Andrey, on the other hand, voiced the correct version about the origin of the source: if you carefully look at the banks around, it becomes clear that they were expanded, the inhabitants of the village of Shcherbinino did it to wash clothes in the 50s of the 20th century.
The third source is located in the village of Chirkovo - "Joy of All Who Sorrow".
Source "Joy of All Who Sorrow".
In the background, you can see that the source is located in a lowland near the temples, and the tablet says that the level of silver in it exceeds the norm by 20 times.
Everything indicates that the source is definitely Sheremetevsky. But even here it's bad luck - Andrey gives the correct version - the source is too similar to a well. This is indeed the only source of drinking water for the residents of Chirkin. The people themselves dug it and laid the rings, but after the restoration of the church, this ordinary village well was consecrated so that the pilgrims would have a place to get holy water.
Let's take a closer look at the ensemble of churches.
The temple complex of the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos and Basil the Great in the village. Chirkino.
The village of Chirkino is the oldest, the first patrimony of the Sheremetevs, granted by Ivan III to Andrei Kobyl (Sheremet) for the Novgorod campaign. The father of the first Sheremetevs, Andrei Sheremet, died and left Chirkino in his will to his then younger son Vasily Andreevich. Vasily Andreevich Sheremetev was the builder of the first stone Intercession Church in Chirkino.
Vasily Andreevich had six sons: Ivan Bolshoi, Grigory, Semyon, Nikita, Ivan Menshoi and Fedor Vasilyevich. year they split up). A special entry was made on Chirkino: Vasily Andreevich blessed the youngest of his six sons, Fyodor, with this village. What was the reason for such an order, why was the old family patrimony again transferred to the youngest, and not the eldest of the sons?
The fact is that Chirkino was considered by the Sheremetevs not as an ordinary land holding. There was a parent churchyard with the family church of the Intercession, where members of the family were buried for a long time, from the 15th or even the 14th century. The Sheremetevs themselves until the 17th century. they didn’t live in Chirkino: they “sat” in the villages and villages in the Chirkina district - in Fedorovsky, Gorodnya, Meshcherin, Prussians, etc. Honoring the memory of ancestors, "parents", as they said then, was considered by the ancients to be the first virtue. Here, great church holidays were celebrated together, baptized and buried.
It was assumed that in order to save the souls of the ancestors, funeral services should last forever, until the Last Judgment. In this case, one of the members of the clan had to take care that the funeral services were regularly performed today and did not stop in the future. It was believed that the youngest son was most suitable for this role, who would live longer than the others and thus be able to take care of the parental cemetery and the family church. Indeed, Fedor Vasilievich died only in 1592, having outlived all his brothers.
Towards the end of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, an important event took place in the Sheremetev family: they married off their only niece Elena Ivanovna (daughter of Ivan Vasilyevich the Lesser from neighboring Chirkina Gorodnya) for the eldest son of Ivan the Terrible - Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich. In the event of the death of Tsar Ivan, the title of Russian Tsarina awaited her, and the Sheremetevs were to become the first people in the state.
However, these dreams were not destined to come true. Elena Ivanovna herself served as an indirect cause of the catastrophe that befell her: during the stay of the royal family in the Alexander Sloboda in 1581, the tsar found her, then already pregnant, in hotly heated palace rooms in one shirt, which, according to the concepts of that time, was the height of indecency (on a woman , the more noble, there should have been at least three shirts). The enraged king beat his daughter-in-law. Ivan Ivanovich ran to his wife's cry and stood up for her. The king attacked his son and beat him half to death. Shaken, Ivan Ivanovich fell ill and died 11 days later. Elena Ivanovna had a miscarriage. According to the custom of that time, the young widow was tonsured into a monastery.
If not for the tragedy in Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, the Sheremetevs would probably have taken the same position in the state that the Godunovs later occupied through Irina Godunova, the wife of Tsarevich Fyodor Ivanovich.
Trouble also came to Fyodor Vasilyevich: he remained childless. For the aging owner Chirkin, the question arose of an heir and he wrote a will, according to which he transferred his ancestral patrimony with the village of Chirkin to Kirillo-Belozers to a monastery as a contribution to his soul and to the souls of his parents. But Fyodor Vasilyevich had nephews who strongly disagreed with such a will. An unprecedented litigation began, which lasted several decades (until the middle of the 17th century).
As a result, the patrimony finally remained with Pyotr Nikitich Sheremetev, then passed to his youngest son, then to his grandson. Now the Sheremetevs already lived in Chirkin, their estate was located to the north-west of the temples.
Vasily Borisovich Sheremetev entered Russian history as the famous "Crimean inmate". In 1660, he was taken prisoner by the Crimean Khan and imprisoned in the fortress of Chufut-Kale. He sat there for 20 years, after making a huge ransom for him, he was released by a sick old man and died 4 months later in Moscow, never having visited his Chirkin.
Vasily Borisovich had a son who died in infancy, and a daughter who married Prince Golitsyn, so he was faced with the question of an heir: he now had no male descendants bearing the surname Sheremetev. Vasily Borisovich acted unexpectedly: despite the presence of direct heirs in the person of his daughter and her husband, he made a will in favor of his nephew, the most brilliant representative of the Sheremetev family in history, the future field marshal, the famous ally of Peter the Great, sung by Pushkin in Poltava under the name Sheremetev the Noble.
Touched by his uncle's generous act, Boris Petrovich decided to honor his memory in a special way - to build a burial church over his coffin (Vasily Borisovich bequeathed to bury himself in Chirkin), and at the same time reconstruct the Intercession Church.
Thus, in 1676, a tiered pillar-shaped church “under the ringing” appeared in Chirkino, an original version of the patrimonial church-bell tower of the heyday of the Moscow Baroque - St. Basil the Great.
Church of Basil the Great, 1676 - the church-tomb of Vasily Borisovich Sheremetyev.
Magnificent baroque iconostases covered with openwork carvings were built in the Chirkinsky temples, which gained fame as outstanding works of Russian applied church art as far back as the middle of the 19th century. The iconostases disappeared (probably perished) as well as all the Chirkin icons, among which were very ancient ones, in the 50s of the 20th century.
A little more hilly field roads and we drive up to the final point of our journey - the source of Elijah the Prophet. There is nothing to solve, so it is clear that since the previous three were consecrated in the 20th century, the remaining one is ancient, Sheremetevsky.
The ancient miraculous spring of the prophet of God Elijah is six meters in diameter, at the bottom there are about two dozen springs. Appeared from a lightning strike on the holiday of the same name in time immemorial. He is mentioned in many historical descriptions, chronicles, church historiography of the Kolomna district of the 18th century. The archives contain certified, documented records of the consistory about the miraculous events that took place for a long time at the source.
Thank you all for your company!
Video from Alexey:
UDK 94(47)17/18 (Sheremetev B.P.) _ P --
BBK 63.3(2)51 VP ST>Lb0v
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Professor,
Ivanovo State University of Chemical Technology
ESTATE PEASANTS OF THE SHEREMETEV FAMILY
The history of the Russian peasantry attracts the attention of scientists from various fields of scientific knowledge. The position of patrimonial peasants in the noble estates of famous Russian families was often assessed only in terms of their serfdom. An analysis of the situation of the peasants of the Sheremetevsky estates demonstrates the ambiguity of this problem. Often in the estates of this famous Russian family there were peasants of dual subordination, “serfs of serfs” and “peasant factory owners”. The owners of estates caught the progressive trends of economic development and contributed to the development of such a layer in the peasant class.
Keywords: patrimonial serfs of the Sheremetevs, "capitalist" peasants, patrimonial administration, trade and fishing activities of peasants.
PhD in Economics, Professor Ivanovo State Chemical and Technological University
MANORIAL PEASANTS OF THE SHEREMETEV FAMILY
The history of the Russian peasantry attracts the attention of researchers from various fields of scientific study. Life of the manorial peasants of the famous Russian families has often been described only in terms of their serfdom. The analysis of the life of manorial peasants of the Sheremetev family shows that the problem is not so simple. There were quite many peasants of dual subordination: "serfs of serfs" and "peasants-manufacturers". The owners of the manorial estates set progressive trends of the economic development and contributed to the development of such types of peasantry.
Key words: manorial peasants of the Sheremetev family, “well-to-do” peasants, manorial administration, trade and production activities of peasants.
© V.P. Stolbov, 2013
Be faithful to the traditions of our Sheremetev family, who served independently and honestly for the Motherland and our dear peasantry; the humble bearer of our primordial covenants. God deliver you from vanity and pride.
From the Spiritual Testament of S.D. Sheremetev to his son
The peasantry as a scientific problem in historical and economic thought is currently attracting the attention of researchers in various fields of scientific knowledge, schools of peasant studies have developed, scientific works are published, conferences are held at which many facts of the state of this significant social group in history are clarified. The scientific community knows the research of many scientists in this field: T. Shanin, P. Mooney, P.A. Sorokin, F. Braudel. In Russian historical, economic and social thought, the fundamental works of M.M. Kovalevsky, N.P. Pavlov-Silvansky, M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky, V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin), A.V. Chayanova, N.D. Kondratiev, as well as research by modern scientists.
In the history of the peasantry, a large place is occupied by studies of the position of patrimonial peasants, especially in those noble estates, the history of the life of the owners of which was closely intertwined with the history of the country. In this regard, it would be appropriate to trace the history of the peasantry in the estates of the Sheremetevs (the village of Ivanovo was one of the estates of the Sheremetevs), the significance of this ancient family can be clearly seen in connection with the assessment of their contribution to the political, economic and cultural life of Russia. The history of the Sheremetev family is the history of collecting lands, improving relations with the peasants and capturing the trends of progress in socio-economic life, which determine the development of Russian entrepreneurship and the country's economy as a whole.
The collection of lands by the Sheremetev family, based on these documents, began in 1686, when Princess Sophia granted Boris Petrovich Shere-
meteva land with the peasants, and the Molotoludsky estate was granted to him as a fiefdom (an inalienable fief). Later, under Peter I, for participation in the Northern War, B.P. Sheremetev was granted "lands with peasants" from the palace volosts, for example, the Yukhotskaya volost with the village of Voshchazhnikovo. The main wealth of B.P. Sheremetev were estates, by the end of the XVII century. he owned 2910 yards. However, he often complained that he lived a beggarly life. So in a letter to Chancellor F. Golovin, he wrote: “Now I ask for mercy about myself - give me something to live with. And if you don’t give it with pleasure, I’ll go to poverty, ”and further “... give me help about a salary, I don’t know what I served in, that I have an offense in that. I drink and eat, although everything is sovereign, but there is nowhere to take a brownie for a dependency. In reality, Field Marshal Sheremetev owned 19 estates, they had 6,282 yards inhabited by 18,031 male souls, from which he received only a cash quitrent of about 11 thousand rubles. in year. If we add to this the quitrent in kind, as well as corvee duties, then the total income of B.P. Sheremetev from the estates amounted to at least 15 thousand rubles. in year. The field marshal himself received the highest salary in the country - over 7 thousand rubles a year. After Poltava Victoria, Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev was granted a number of villages and wastelands. However, he showed enviable perseverance in acquiring other lands as well, this can be seen from the letters to Peter I "... not for my services, but out of your grace, welcome to the Cherny Mud wasteland, a house in Riga and the Pebalg eldership in Livonia."
The peasants complained more than once to B.P. Sheremetev to his difficult position, to which the field marshal replied that if he provided them with the requested benefits, he himself would "wander around the world." The patrimonial peasants were forbidden to appeal to Sheremetev with complaints, disobedient ones should be punished with "cruel punishment." Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev ordered the clerk of one of his estates: "... to inflict a cruel punishment on the peasants at a secular gathering, for which, without coming to you, they leave the estates and leave their taxes for nothing."
After the death of Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev in 1719, his son Peter Borisovich from the age of 17 (1730) continued the work of his father
wounding the lands, but already “not by military merit”, but as a result of a successful marriage in 1743 to Varvara Alekseevna Cherkasskaya, who brought 26 estates with lands and peasants as a dowry. In the Atlas of the Sheremetevs' dachas for 1799-1800. in 15 provinces, 650 thousand dessiatins were concentrated in the ownership of the Sheremetevs. land (according to some sources, about 1 million dess. of land). In the 19th century according to the Supplement to the Proceedings of the Editorial Commission, in 17 provinces and 36 counties, the Sheremetevs owned 714,000 dess. lands, including those in the use of peasants - 452 thousand dess.
Together with the lands of the Sheremetevs, the number of peasant farms increased. So, B.P. Sheremetev in 19 estates there were 6.3 thousand households with 18 thousand male serfs, and in total he had 40 thousand serf souls and 2 thousand acres of land. P.B. Sheremetev, having received 26 more estates in addition to 19 estates (among them the village of Ivanovo), increased the number of serfs by another 42.6 thousand souls. In 1765, in all the estates of the Sheremetevs, inherited and as a dowry, as well as acquired, there were 170 thousand serfs and 66 thousand acres of land. In 1787, in the estates of the Sheremetevs in 17 provinces, 62 counties, 103 villages, 1066 villages, 26 settlements, 166 farms, 298 wastelands, there were already 185 thousand serf souls and 990 thousand dessiatins. earth. Only in the village of Ivanovo with villages concentrated about 8 thousand serfs. The Sheremetev family was one of the largest landowners and serfs in Great Russia, second only to the Stroganovs, who had 1,400,000 dess. earth.
The Sheremetevs increased the number of serfs in their estates both by annexing new lands, by purchasing land together with peasants, and by acquiring individual peasants (mostly they were artisans). According to the historian Semevsky, a deal to buy one peasant or householder cost Sheremetev 120 rubles. silver. In 1837 D.N. Sheremetev was issued a power of attorney for the purchase by peasants of the peasants of the Yukhotsky volost. The practice of such replenishment with land and peasants at the expense of wealthy peasants in the Sheremetev estates is
appeared with a note addressed to the Sheremetevs as early as the 18th century. Thus, from 1770 to 1830, 32.7 thousand dessiatins were acquired in 13 estates. land, including in the Ivanovo estate 11,931 dess. earth. Only E. Grachev, before his release with his son in 1795, had 3,000 dess. written in the name of the Sheremetevs. land, 40 wastelands, 881 male souls and 2 thousand female souls, all this became the property of the estate when the Grachevs were released. According to the Shui leader of the nobility, there were about 88.5 thousand such purchased peasants, including about 9 thousand people in the village of Ivanovo with villages. The number of peasants grew both as a result of the inheritance by relatives of the Sheremetev family (for example, Pyotr Sheremetev inherited about 5 thousand people from his deceased brother Sergei in 1768), and the death of “capitalist” peasants (after the death of Nikifor Sezemov and his wife in 1791 429 souls in the Galich province, Kostroma province passed into the ownership of the Sheremetevs).
The increase in peasants in the Sheremetevsky estates also occurred due to the General land surveys of the disputed territories (in the second half of the 18th century, about 30 thousand souls of serfs were annexed). According to the Economic Notes to the General Land Survey of 1766-1767, as well as documents from the middle of the 19th century. (Appendix to the "Regulations on the Peasants" of 1861) in the Moscow province, this family was second only to A. Orlov, and in the Great Russian provinces it surpassed the Razumovsky, Orlov, Golitsyn. Naryshkin, Potemkin, Lanskoy, Buturlin, Repnin and many other eminent names in Russia.
By the beginning of the Great Reform of 1861, according to the Supplement to the Proceedings of the Editorial Commissions on the “Status of the Peasants Emerging from Serfdom”, there were about 450 thousand male and female peasants in the Sheremetev estates. It should also be noted that, as a result of the formation of matrimonial ties, land with peasants “left” the Sheremetev family. So, as a result of the marriage of V. Sheremeteva with Razumovsky, more than 12 thousand serfs were transferred to her as a dowry.
In connection with the modern understanding of Russian history, it is necessary to remove the myth of the Sheremetevs' cruelty towards the peasants. The history of Russia before the reform of 1861 is full of examples of cruel forms of treatment of the peasants by some "tyrant-landlords", such as Saltychikha or the grandmother of the writer I.S. Turgenev. However, this should hardly be attributed to the Sheremetev family, although the fact that B.P. Sheremetev often in his letters or orders demanded unquestioning obedience from the managers and peasants, signing his orders with a harsh phrase: “My hand” or “My hand is powerful.”
The Sheremetev family throughout its history, in the words of the historian K. Shepetov, "peered and listened to the fortress village." In the life of this kind, the principle “to protect the peasants is the strength of Russia”, which was passed from family to family, was observed. This principle was implemented in an effort to improve and facilitate the life of the peasants, to develop the roots of the national, folk culture in the Russian people, to develop an entrepreneurial vein in individual savvy peasants. However, it is unlikely that the Sheremetevs were altruists in the peasant issue, they understood (this was especially evident in the ransom of the peasants) that the peasants by their activity, especially their “capitalist” type, represented by their activity a certain process of self-expansion of capital, that is, they were a strong source of its accumulation. And the whole point is that these capitals were not exported abroad and not squandered, as was often the case in other noble families known to the country, they became the basis of the historical and cultural centers of Russia. Palaces - the estates of the Sheremetevs Kuskovo, Ostankino, the Fountain House in St. Petersburg, Ostafyevo, Voronov, the Blue Palace in Moscow - all these are not only monuments of that distant era, but also monuments of the Sheremetev family.
In the Sheremetevsky estates, a special way of everyday life of the peasants developed. So, academicians Koeppen and Engelhardt, who visited in the 30-40s. 19th century in the estate villages of Ivanovo, Pavlov and Vorsma, it was noted that entrepreneurs and craftsmen
You people lived in stone houses with iron roofs. According to the comments of other observers of the everyday life of the Sheremetev peasants in the Penza province, the following remarks have been preserved, “they lived in houses under iron roofs, Karamzin’s works were written in their families.” A report from a pet exhibition in the Serpukhov district showed that in the estates, the peasants introduced new agricultural practices and zootechnical standards, which contributed to an increase in agricultural productivity.
On the eve of the reform, in 1840, the German scientist Baron A. Gaksthausen visited the Sheremetev estate in the village of Poim. He was interested in the peasant question and kept diaries of his conversations with the Poim peasants. He reflected his notes in the book "Study of Russian life, especially rural institutions in Russia." During the journey of the scientist, up to 10 thousand inhabitants lived in the village of Poim, 2 churches, a volost government, a school, an almshouse and many industrial establishments functioned: chenille, potash establishments, wax slaughterhouses, many tanneries, oil mills, brick factories, weekly bazaars and 3 fairs . The best bazaars in the Penza province were considered Poimsky and they were weekly on Saturdays, and on Fridays there were so-called podtorzhye. The main items of trade are bread, leather goods and iron. The amount of bread sold at the Poim bazaars reached annually up to 25,000 quarters of rye and up to 10,000 poods of flour. The bazaar also sold other breads in fairly large sizes: oats, buckwheat, linseed and hemp seeds and millet. All trade in this bazaar brought up to 58,783 rubles. in year".
The foreign scientist Gaksthausen was surprised by "whole streets" of excellent large stone houses, among them - two-story houses with columns and balconies, covered with iron. The traveler was even more struck by the fact that among the peasants of the village of Poim there were people with a million fortune and very few peasants wanted to get freedom, but they were like that and they were able to pay for their release from 80 thousand to 1 million rubles. He also noted that among the subscribers to
"History of the Russian State" N.M. Karamzin had many Poim peasants. Interestingly, the author of History himself wrote about this: “Among the subscribers to History are many Sheremetev peasants, among whom are well-educated people who read a lot and are theater lovers, and even poets.”
Wealthy peasants did not shy away from traditional forms of charity. The Sheremetevs themselves, who spent most of their capital on this noble cause, could serve as an example. For example, the millionaire Sezemov, a farmer from Sheremetev, donated 20,000 rubles. at the Moscow Orphanage, and a church was built at the expense of the peasant Vyrypaev. At the expense of the Sheremetevs and their peasants, churches were built in the village of Poim (Penza province).
At the same time, it should be noted that the relationship between the peasant world and the Sheremetevs was built on the basis of the ideas of that time, the state of the right of the nobleman, the owner of the land, the nobleman-administrator. The mechanism of relationships was built traditionally for that time. The center of control in the patrimonies was the patrimonial board, headed by the clerk, if he was appointed from the household people, or the manager, if he was appointed from the free people. In some estates, the duties of a clerk were carried out by elected peasants who were elected at a gathering.
In 1765, out of 50 separate possessions of Sheremetev, clerks were in 28 estates. The patrimonial governor, who was at the head of the patrimony, exercised all the power given to him by the landowner, with the help of elected officials: elected elders, collectors, foremen, zemstvo, sotsky, Pentecostal, tenth, etc. The regulations for the activity of the patrimonial office were determined by Instructions on 20 points, who stipulated the duties of a clerk or manager. They contained questions of a judicial nature (to create a court and reprisals), to ensure the collection from the peasants, both of the "sovereign" and the master's dues. Worldly expenses: the maintenance of the administrative apparatus fell on the shoulders of the peasants, who
rye, in addition to the state and landowner dues, had to support the patrimonial administration, pay all expenses associated with affairs and duties related to the population of patrimonies, for the delivery of recruits, etc. No less important duties of the clerk were: to monitor the correct distribution of the tax among the peasants, to ensure that “the salary book does not lower quitrent money and show profits, that sowing and harvesting take place on “good days”, etc.” This instruction also contained the following clause: “The clerk had to repair the trial and reprisals in the order’s hut, and not in the house ... and he had to write down who would be punished for what. All accomplished deeds must be fixed monthly, but the clerk himself should not be trusted. This paragraph of the instruction is not accidental. The patrimonial chiefs, taking advantage of the fullness of their power, subjected the peasants to all sorts of punishments, allowed violence, and took bribes. In this regard, the document “Report of the clerk of the Poim estate Nikolai Popov to St. Petersburg to Count Dmitry Nikolaevich Sheremetev” is interesting, in which it was reported that the peasants of the village of Poim Petr Ivanov and Yakov Matveev Osokin were elected deputies from the Poim society to travel to St. Petersburg with a request to Count D.N. Sheremetev, where they intend to "sneak on the clerk." It is also interesting that the count had “poim delegates”, their complaints, in all likelihood, were valid, because a check of the state of affairs in the patrimony soon followed. For her, a special instruction was developed for the auditor for the Poim estate, Prince Maksutov. The clerk, Popov, had to explain the "slander of the peasants" to the house office. For wrong actions and the wrong decision of affairs, the patrimonial rulers were fined, and sometimes they were subjected to corporal punishment.
The patrimonial managers in the Sheremetev lands were mostly literate and enterprising people who encouraged the "good" peasants to conduct trading and fishing activities. These peasants, as a result of leveling and mutual responsibility in payments and duties of the peasant community, accumulated capital. As Catherine II wrote, "... Russian peasants often hid their wealth under the rags of poverty."
Since 1764, "capitalist" peasants were allowed to buy little peasants (peasants of the last article). These same peasants often, with the permission of the patrimonial office, traded by proxy of acquaintances of merchants or secretly through their clerks in large cities of Russia. The facts of such trading activities by Grachev and Garelin in Moscow and St. Petersburg are known, the peasant Sezemov was engaged in trade farming in the southern lands of the country. B.P. Sheremetev wrote to his managers: "I hope we will not be without a profit from the auction."
The Sheremetevs, in all likelihood, were tolerant of the confessional and religious affiliation of their serfs, as evidenced by the presence of Old Believer communities on their lands. According to the remarks of the historian Nikolsky, as well as local priests, there were many Old Believers in the Shuya district, and there were also many of them in the village of Ivanovo itself. According to F. Livanov, the village of Ivanovo was a "nest of splits."
The most famous of the Old Believer peasants in the patrimony of the Sheremetevs in the village of Ivanovo was E. Grachev, who, after being released from serfdom, was even the manager of affairs in the Old Believer Preobrazhenskaya outpost in Moscow. The rational mentality of these peasants contributed to the accumulation of large capitals and due to this they carried out redemption from serfdom. So, the Grachev family ransomed for 135 thousand rubles. silver (1 p. 1795 is equal to 2.7 p. 1913). Other peasant entrepreneurs were redeemed for a smaller amount. At the beginning of the XIX century. the price of freedom of the "capitalist" peasant (together with children and household members) averaged 20 thousand rubles. silver. In total, 50 families redeemed themselves from the Sheremetev estate.
The estates of the Sheremetevs were closely connected with the market of the center of Russia and its southern lands. The peasants received the right to conduct farming operations in various provinces of the country (for example, Nikifor Sezemov in the 70s of the 18th century conducted such affairs in the Belgorod region and was obliged to pay annually up to 911 thousand rubles to the patrimony near Moscow). commercial fishery
carried out both legally and illegally. This was due to the fact that the Customs Charter of 1755 allowed peasants to conduct only petty trade, but already at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. according to Decrees of 1799, 1804, 1806, peasants were also allowed to carry out wholesale trade. In the estates of the Sheremetevs, according to the General Land Survey, there were 16 fairs and 12 auctions. On the territory of the patrimony, in the village of Ivanovo, an annual fair functioned, there were auctions twice a week (Sunday and Thursday), and the number of trading shops at the auction reached up to 180 units. In another patrimony, the village of Vasilyevsky, auctions were held weekly on Wednesdays, in the Voshchazhnikovskaya patrimony, auctions took place on Fridays, merchants from Yaroslavl and Rostov traded. In the village of Alekseevka, also the patrimony of the Sheremetevs (Voronezh province), fairs were held twice a year, and auctions twice a week, merchants from Kursk, Kharkov, Voronezh came to them. At the auction, mainly petty goods (linen products: canvases and prints; dishes and food products) circulated. At the fairs, consumer goods (fabrics, livestock, leather, fur coats, metal products) were traded. In the village of Pavlovo, the patrimony of the Sheremetevs, the auctions were daily: there were 54 shops with iron hardware and household goods, 22 scrupulous, 7 bread, 2 linen, 21 rag, 11 sleeve, 12 Kalash and gingerbread shops, 2 taverns - in total more than 200 shops . Only from the commercial and industrial activities of the Ivanovo serfs, the declared capital in 1800 was 441 thousand rubles.
In addition to trading activities in the Sheremetevsky estates, industrial crafts were widely developed: cloth, silk, linen, the production of linen and calico fabrics for clothing, Flemish linen and equal, weaving napkins, tablecloths and towels. In the Ivanovo patrimony of the Sheremetevs, along with the canvas trade, heeled production was developed, and although the widow of Cherkasskaya, after the death of Field Marshal Sheremetev, was denied the organization of such a manufactory "because of uncertainty in the quality and marketing of these products", enterprising peasants, contrary to the decision of Ma-
nufactura colleges developed this trade quite widely, the trade turnover from which reached in the middle of the 18th century. from 2 to 5 thousand rubles
Trade and fishing activities in the village of Ivanovo especially developed from 1812 to 1823. After a fire in Moscow in 1812, as a result of which all textile manufactories near Moscow burned down, the “golden age” of heeled production began, in which the profit per ruble of costs was 500 %, embossers without much difficulty earned up to 100 rubles. banknotes per month. As a local observer wrote, “... starting a factory at that time did not require a lot of capital, it was enough to purchase 2-3 pots so that there was something to boil the paint in, and buy for a ruble material - and the factory went into action; the calico had its own, it was woven in every hut. Such manufacturers were called potters. The activation of this activity on the part of the peasants of the Sheremetev estate was also facilitated by the Regulations on the tariff of 1822, according to which the import of textile products from abroad into Russia was prohibited. This document and protectionism on the part of the government were highly appreciated by the writer Aksakov, who wrote "...hundreds of thousands of hands began to move, hundreds of factories daily threw a lot of goods onto the market."
In the village of Pavlovo, the peasants specialized in the iron-having trade. In many patrimonies, the Sheremetevs encouraged distilling (this trade was very profitable, taverns were farmed out, wine was brought to them from the southern lands). The managers, with the consent of the owners of these estates, did not disdain to repurchase goods, this is evidenced by a letter from Field Marshal B.P. Sheremetev to the clerk A. Tikhonov from the Molodotudskaya volost about buying squirrel and lynx skins “at a price that is lower than Moscow prices, it is not subject to a high price: what profit will we have in that”.
In the Sheremetevsky estates, procedures were allowed for using the labor of the same serfs bought by serfs-entrepreneurs. So, the "capitalist" peasants Butrimov, Garelin, Ivan and Efim Grachev, Osip Sokov and others at the end of the 18th century. when settling in the village
49 factories and factories used a lot of purchased serfs. So, if in 1784 there were 416 souls of purchased serfs, then by 1794 their number had increased to 1200 souls. The total volume of output produced by these workers amounted to 426 thousand rubles. Only one E. Grachev used 380 serfs in his productions, who later, after the redemption of the Grachevs to freedom, retained their serf position in the patrimonial office. The purchased serfs performed various types of work for the “capitalist” peasants, their position was difficult due to double subordination, on the one hand, the patrimonial office had to pay taxes, on the other hand, they were subordinate to the peasant entrepreneur. Often, in response to the mistreatment by the peasant entrepreneurs, the serfs who worked for them grumbled and made threats. A fact is known when serfs threatened to drown Nikifor Sezemov in Vetluga.
The patrimonial office charged the "capitalist" peasants a fee (rent) for their entrepreneurial activities. So, the peasant Butrimov paid first in kind, then in money (180 rubles a year); Grachev - 3 p. 25 k. per camp per year, later he began to pay 2.5 and 2 rubles for services on a loan to the Sheremetevs. in year; Toropov - 1,200 rubles, then 700 rubles; Sezemov - 248 rubles. in year. Since 1796, a single rate of 0.5% per year was introduced from capital over 500 rubles.
In 1810, there were 165 "capitalist" peasants in 11 estates of Sheremetev. After being redeemed from their serfdom, the already free peasants increased their production. So, by 1825, 125 large cotton-printing and paper-weaving factories functioned in the village of Ivanovo. The Gracheva factory had 900 mills and 103 printed tables, Yamanovsky had about 1,000 mills and 110 printed tables, and Garelin had 1,021 mills and 85 printed tables. The employees of the enterprises of the new owners were no longer serfs, but residents of Voznesensky Posad. Among these hired workers, embossers stood out, who, according to the remarks of the Vladimir Provincial Gazette, "were smart and literate people, knew the letter," but
weavers and spoolers were characterized as "the most untidy and uneducated".
Wages at the factories of Ivanovo "capitalist" peasants in the past, and after the ransom - free entrepreneurs, were as follows: at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. from E. and D. Grachev, weavers and embossers received up to 10 r. per month (1 pood of flour at that time cost 66-99 k.). In the middle of the XIX century. spinners and weavers, respectively, 20 and 7 rubles, colorists - from 83 to 416 rubles. silver per month. According to Gaksthausen, the monetary (nominal) and real wages of Russian textile workers were higher than in Germany. From the second half of the XIX century. the level of wages in relation to food prices fell sharply (according to the observations of Ya. Garelin).
The Sheremetev patrimonial office also carried out operations on property transactions of serfs (purchase and sale), and in favor of the count received a percentage of the value of the purchased (sold) property. In economic relations with the peasants, the patrimonial office also developed such a form as the rental of mills, of which there were about 40 units, and preference was given to their former owners.
Sometimes the Sheremetevs borrowed certain amounts of money from enterprising peasants (in 1793, 10 thousand rubles were borrowed from E. Grachev for 4 months, and in 1794 - 5 thousand rubles for 2 months). But there was no case of returning these sums of money. There were cases when the peasants refused the Sheremetevs for one reason or another. A fact is known when the peasant Sizemov not only refused the count in the amount of 10 thousand rubles, but in response to the count's threat, he carried out an operation through the Tames banking office to receive the last bill from the count for this amount.
The Sheremetev patrimonial office determined the types and collection of duties from the peasants. In the patrimonial economy, traditional for that time, the duties of the working-out (corvée) and natural (tire) types were widely represented. However, the level of use of each of these duties varied. Initially, as documents from the time of Boris Petrovich Sheremetev testify (a list of income from
ranks), the corvee was the basis of economic relations (out of 19 estates, 14 were on corvee) - the cultivation of a field of 2 thousand dessiatins. (more than 2 thousand hectares), field sowing, grain harvesting. In addition, the peasants had to give the product in kind.
The quitrent duty had some specialization: the peasants of the villages of Mozhary and Alekseevsky Rastorg were supposed to deliver 1345 buckets of wine; the peasants of the villages of Bogorodskoye, Chirkovo, Gorbunovo - nuts and mushrooms; peasants from Gorbunov - firewood; peasants from the villages of Konstantinovskoye and Ostrovets paid a cash quitrent (1073 rubles); The Molodotudskaya volost delivered 900 sheep, 2 thousand squirrels, 5 thousand blocks of firewood. And only 5 estates were on a net cash dues, they paid 8,761 rubles a year.
In the XVIII century. from each audit soul, the quitrent was 1-2 rubles, in the village of Ivanovo they paid 3 rubles, from 1796 the quitrent payment increased to 8 rubles. 35 k. from the soul, dues from the tax paid 15 rubles. In 1798, the peasants of all the Sheremetevsky estates paid 413,237 rubles as quitrent. (translated into the ruble of 1913, this was equal to the sum of 1,136,461 rubles). The underdevelopment of commodity-money relations, the importation of silver, silver money into the country for their re-minting - all this testified in favor of the development of mining and quitrent in kind. Collective attire was widely used in agricultural work under corvée, “... for the sooner the peasants remove the state, the more convenient they can start their mowing and cannot miss either my or their own benefit,” wrote B.P. Sheremetev. On the fields of the Sheremetev estate, agricultural practices were widely used (plowing in autumn, mowing grain “higher from the ground”, introducing organic matter into the soil), journals were kept about sowing, harvesting, threshing, the number of workers, the grain barn was equipped on a stone basis, the seed grain was changed every 3 year, the three-field was replaced by a multi-field.
Along with the corvee- quitrent duty (salary fees) in the estates, there were also non-salary fees - fees from mills, from weddings, fines, duties from petitioners. The "capitalist" peasants were charged with paying quitrent to the patrimony for the arrears of fellow villagers for 75-87 rubles. banknotes per year,
this often led to the enslavement of the latter to work in factories.
The peasants in the estates also performed state duties: they paid a poll tax (74 k. per capita), delivered provisions and fodder to the army, put up recruits and paid for uniforms (1-2 rubles), allocated artisans for the construction of houses "on the Neva River Petersburg" and for the construction of bridges and streets in Moscow.
In the 19th century in fiefdoms, the proportion of corvee began to fall in duties (for example, according to the General Land Survey of the end of the 18th century, out of 190 inhabited possessions of the Sheremetevs, 128 had quitrent relations, corvee was preserved in 62 settlements, so, out of 24 estates in the Vladimir province, only four). Corvee was preserved only in the black earth lands and in manors near St. Petersburg. Quit in the 19th century gradually moved from natural to monetary form. In the Sheremetevsky estates, the quitrent from the tax was 45 rubles, and from the revision soul 4-6 rubles. (data on the Ivanovo estate).
Throughout the history of the Sheremetev family, along with the collection of lands and peasants, the problem of improving the condition of the peasants was also comprehended. So, in 1767 P.B. Sheremetev took an active part in the drafting of a new code, according to which the position of the peasants should have been alleviated. He expressed his full readiness to free the peasants from serfdom. Even Catherine II did not expect such radicalism, who, under pressure from other members of the commission for drafting a project on peasants, was forced not only to abandon the freethinking of some members of the commission, but also “to resign Count Sheremetev P.B. forever from military and civil service. In 1861 D.N. Sheremetev brought closer the work of his grandfather, concerning the fate of the peasants. On February 19, the Manifesto on the liberation of the peasants was signed in the Ostankino Palace (the Sheremetev Fountain House). D.N. Sheremetev was the last owner of the village of Ivanovo, in which, long before the Great Reform, he allowed the peasants to bathe in freedom.
List of used literature
1. Baryshnikov M. The history of the business world of Russia / M. Baryshnikov. - M. : Aspect Press, 1994 - 224 p.
2. Berlin P. Russian bourgeoisie in the old and new times / P. Berlin - M .: Book, 1922. - 308 p.
3. Garelin G. On the beginning and revival of the industrial village of Ivanovo in the 16th-18th centuries // Vladimirskiye Gubernskie Vedomosti. - 1878. - No. 30.
4. The city of Ivanovo-Voznesensk, or the former village of Ivanovo and Voznesensky Posad (Vladimir province): in 2 hours / comp. I. Garelin. - Shuya: Litho-type. Ya. I. Borisoglebsky, 1884. - Part 1: From the 17th century to February 19, 1861. - 225 p. ; 1885. - Part 2: From February 19, 1861 to January 1, 1884. - 140 s.
5. Kashin V.N. Serfs-landowners on the eve of the reform. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1935. - 116 p.
6. Nikolsky N. History of the Russian Church / N. Nikolsky - Minsk: Belarus, 1990. - 540 p.
7. Livanov F. V. Ostrozhniki and schismatics: Essays and stories: in 3 volumes / F. V. Livanov. - St. Petersburg. : Type of. M. Khan, 1872. - T. 2. - 629 p.
8. Nefedov F. Tales and stories / F. Nefedov - M.; Ivanovo, 1937. - T. 1.
9. Pavlenko N. Chicks of Petrov's nest / N. Pavlenko. - M. : Thought, 1994 - 397 p.
10. Stepanov A. Peasants-manufacturers Grachevs: On the characteristics of serf capitalists of the 2nd floor. XVIII - early XIX century. / A. Stepanov // Notes of the Historical Department of the State Russian Museum. - L .: Publishing house Rus. Museum, 1928. - T. 1. - S. 213-252.
11. Statistical review of the state of the Vladimir province in 1817 // Vladimir Historical and Statistical Collection. - Vladimir: Lips. stat. Kom., 1869. - S. 16-17.
12. Semevsky V. I. Serfs of serfs in Russia in the XVIII century. / V. I. Semevsky // Russian thought. - 1902. - Prince. 7. - S. 55-87.
13. Shepetov K. Serfdom in the estates of the Sheremetevs (17081885) / K. Shepetov; ed. G. I. Polosina. - M.: Ed. Ostankin. Palace-Museum, 1947. - 378 p.
14. Shchepetov K.N. From the life of the serfs of Russia in the XVIII-XIX centuries: Based on the materials of the Sheremetev estates / K. N. Shepetov. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1963. - 100 p.
15. Exemplary P. M. History of the city of Ivanov / P. M. Exemplary. - Ivanovo: Ivanovo Prince. publishing house, 1958. - Part 1: Pre-October period. - 395 p.
16. Ekzemplyarsky P. M. The village of Ivanovo at the beginning of the 19th century // Proceedings of the Ivanovo-Voznesensky provincial scientific society of local history. - Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 1925. - Issue. 3.
Stolbov Vyacheslav Pavlovich - Candidate of Economic Sciences, Professor, Department of Social and Economic Theories, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000, Ivanovo, pr-t F. Engels, 7, e-mail: [email protected]
Stolbov Vyacheslav Pavlovich - PhD in Economics, Professor, Department of Social and Economic Theories, Ivanovo State Chemical and Technological University, 7, F. Engels avenue, Ivanovo, 153000, e-mail: [email protected]
The landowner possessed such unlimited power on his estates that he had the right to impose quitrents and fine the factory owners from among the former peasants immensely. Others could, at their discretion, even ruin. “... there is no appeal against the owner of the rich,” Prince I.M. Dolgoruky, Governor of Vladimir (1802-1812). “Sheremetev is to Ivanov what a sovereign is to all of Russia.”
For his wife, Princess V.A. Cherkassky Pyotr Sheremetev received a huge dowry. The count was given the lands and environs of Ivanovo, tens of thousands of serf souls. The estate of the Sheremetevs was managed by a residence in St. Petersburg, managers served in Ivanovo - elected peasants, whom the count trusted. The manor of managers - an impressive one-story mansion in the style of classicism - "stood" to this day.
In 1771, the count hid in the village of Ivanovo from the Moscow plague epidemic and took up the affairs of the patrimony himself. Through his "guarantors", former serfs, he sent expensive gifts to Moscow to bribe and "sweeten" the necessary state officials. He spoiled his son with gifts, N.P. Sheremetev, to whom he sent to London "... with the peasant Efim Grachev, a yakhont ring, showered with diamonds ... to say that he was sent from a healthy place, there is no sticking in it." The “capitalist” peasant Grachov, at the behest of the count, had to pay for all the necessary purchases. E.I. Grachev paid off the will of the count 35 years earlier than other peasants and became the richest manufacturer. Sheremetev established his own laws in the estates, published a collection of "house resolutions". We must give him his due, the count did not tolerate laziness, theft and drunkenness. Under the son of Peter Sheremetev, in 1804 alone, 847 punishments were noted in the penalty book, five for non-payment of dues, the rest for drunkenness and neglect. The count punished with a ruble those who were in no hurry to start a family. The count's orders came to recover 12,591 rubles from bachelors.
At the behest of N.P. Sheremetev (1799-1800) created a description of all the possessions of the Sheremetevs - "Atlas of dachas". The inventory was carried out by the manager of the Ivanovo estate, Mr. S.I. Greitz. In 1793, the manager I.P. arrived in Ivanovo as an auditor. Argunov. A well-known artist, he was born in the family of serfs of Count Cherkassky, came to the Sheremetevs as a "dowry".
At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, the Ivanovo estate became the most profitable estate of the Sheremetevs. Fabulous quitrent money was sent from the patrimonial office to the Kuskovo estate. “Rich and boastful, like an Ivanovo peasant,” said the proverb of those times. S.D. Sheremetev survived three revolutions, the nationalization of all property, but did not run abroad. “What are our losses compared to what Russia is losing?” - wrote the last manager of the huge estates of the Sheremetevs in his memoirs. Sergei Dmitrievich died in 1918. In the Novospassky Monastery, in the tomb of their ancestors, the oldest family of which comes from Andrei Kobyla, they could not bury the count. By that time, the monastery had been turned into a prison camp. Sheremetev was buried "under the fence", near the wall of the monastery. On the site of the ancient Kruglikha grove in Ivanovo, another manager of the Sheremetevs, Deineka, laid out the "Count's Garden", now the May Day Park. In the building of the former estate of the manager of the estate of the Sheremetevs, the Ivanovo Restoration was located. Before the revolution of 1917, the richest heir of the Sheremetevs was categorical: "You must not leave your homeland, you must not transfer capital, because the ancestors made all this for their country, for the people."
Description of the surrounding area
The Sheremetevs are an ancient and, perhaps, the most famous Russian boyar family. In the genealogical books, the Sheremetev family is named among the “travelling” families from the land of the Prussians. Andrei Kobyla (Sheremet), mentioned in the annals of 1347, is considered the ancestor of the Sheremetevs. at the court of the Moscow prince. His son Fyodor Koshka was a boyar under Prince Dmitry Donskoy. Two mighty branches of the Sheremetevs and the Romanovs descended from the descendants of Fedor.
Estates such as Ostankino, Kuskovo are associated with the name of the Sheremetevs, but the estate in the village of Chirkino is the first ancient patrimony of the Sheremetev boyars, granted at the beginning of the 16th century to Andrei Kobylin by Ivan III for the Novgorod campaign. The glorious sons of this family (who were later the first in Russia to receive the title of count granted by Peter I to an outstanding Russian commander, successful diplomat, the first Russian Field Marshal General, Knight of Malta Boris Petrovich Sheremetev (1652-1719)) did a lot for Russia: they participate in ALL historical events: battles, state reorganizations.
In 1514, on a high hill in the village of Chirkino, a temple was built in honor of the Intercession of the Mother of God. Next to him in the 17th century, the boyar Vasily Sheremetev erected in honor of his heavenly patron Saint Basil the Great a typical baroque tiered temple "under the ringing", which later became his tomb. Once it was surrounded by an open gallery-gullbishche. At the same time, the superstructure of the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God was made. Later, Pyotr Borisovich Sheremetev (1713-1788, chief chamberlain, art lover) added a chapel of the apostles Peter and Paul.
Unfortunately, the fate of the temples themselves, Archpriest John (who served in the Church of the Intercession) and novice Anna Korneeva, who helped him in the church, after the October Revolution, repeated the fate of many thousands of others on the territory of the Soviet state. In accordance with the testimony of false witnesses, a certificate was issued for the arrest of priest John Pokrovsky, signed by the leaders of the NKVD of the Moscow region. On January 27, 1938, the authorities arrested Archpriest John, and on February 13, novice Anna Korneeva, imprisoning them in the city of Kashira. The Hieromartyr John (Pokrovsky) and the Monk Martyr Anna (Korneeva) on February 21, 1938, were sentenced to death by an NKVD troika. On February 26, 1938, the sentence was carried out. It is sad, but for that time it was quite an ordinary case ... Excerpts from the protocols of interrogations are now available on the Internet.
It was believed that the line of the Sheremetev boyars died out after the October Revolution of 1917, however, it turned out that there is a direct descendant of the Sheremetevs - Count Georgy. He lives in the USA, in California. A few years ago, he visited his family nest and, according to eyewitnesses, on that day a small icon of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos from the Intercession Church began to stream myrrh...
The aforementioned miraculous event is by no means the only one: the current rector of the Chirkinsky churches, Priest Viktor Kuznetsov, can cite many testimonies of contemporary miracles and cases of miracles. And the vast majority of them are connected with consecrated, strong, purest water sources located near the village of Chirkino.
“One is located in a lowland. Right under the temples of the village of Chirkino towering on the mountain. Source "Joy of All Who Sorrow". It is famous for the extraordinary concentration of silver in it. Twenty times its content in the water exceeds the usual norm here!.. A high canopy with a dome and a cross rises above the source. Nearby there is a comfortable bathing area.
Two other sources are located at the entrance to the temple complex, near the village of Shcherbinino, near the bridge over the river. Here you will see how a crystal stream escapes from the large diameter of the pipe. This spring was consecrated in honor of the locally venerated saints Hieromartyr John (Pokrovsky) and Rev. Martyr Anna (Korneeva), who were martyred for their faith in 1938.
Next to the inexpressible beauty is the Royal Spring in honor of the Great Martyrs, Passion-bearers of Tsar Nicholas 2 and Tsesarevich, the youth Alexy, who were killed for the faith and the Fatherland. Such a dedication is not accidental, since the root of the clan of the Sheremetev and Romanov boyars is one. Almshouse (now demolished) at the churches of the village. Chirkina was also consecrated during construction in 1908 in honor of the birth of Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov.
This spring fascinates with its extraordinary beauty. Round barrel of the purest water, six meters in diameter. This is a living, marvelous, natural aquarium, created by the Creator of everything. Algae green lace frame its bottom. About two dozen springs break out, whipping grains of sand high. Their seething does not excite the numerous fish, slowly waltzing in the weightlessness of the reservoir. Anyone who approaches and sees this inexplicable miracle is stupefied with bewitching delight. The strong beating of springs in the sandy bottom of the source does not frighten at all, does not excite, on the contrary, joyfully calms. I don't want to leave him. Everyone who wants to cheer up receives long-term energy for the body and soul in it.
The fourth source is especially famous - the ancient miraculous source of the prophet of God Elijah. He is mentioned in many historical descriptions, chronicles, church historiography of the Kolomna district of the 18th century. The archives contain certified, documented records of the consistory about the miraculous events that took place for a long time at the source.
Description of the surrounding area
The Sheremetevs are an ancient and, perhaps, the most famous Russian boyar family. In the genealogical books, the Sheremetev family is named among the “travelling” families from the land of the Prussians. Andrei Kobyla (Sheremet), mentioned in the annals of 1347, is considered the ancestor of the Sheremetevs. at the court of the Moscow prince. His son Fyodor Koshka was a boyar under Prince Dmitry Donskoy. Two mighty branches of the Sheremetevs and the Romanovs descended from the descendants of Fedor.
Estates such as Ostankino, Kuskovo are associated with the name of the Sheremetevs, but the estate in the village of Chirkino is the first ancient patrimony of the Sheremetev boyars, granted at the beginning of the 16th century to Andrei Kobylin by Ivan III for the Novgorod campaign. The glorious sons of this family (who were later the first in Russia to receive the title of count granted by Peter I to an outstanding Russian commander, successful diplomat, the first Russian Field Marshal General, Knight of Malta Boris Petrovich Sheremetev (1652-1719)) did a lot for Russia: they participate in ALL historical events: battles, state reorganizations.
In 1514, on a high hill in the village of Chirkino, a temple was built in honor of the Intercession of the Mother of God. Next to him in the 17th century, the boyar Vasily Sheremetev erected in honor of his heavenly patron Saint Basil the Great a typical baroque tiered temple "under the ringing", which later became his tomb. Once it was surrounded by an open gallery-gullbishche. At the same time, the superstructure of the Church of the Intercession of the Mother of God was made. Later, Pyotr Borisovich Sheremetev (1713-1788, chief chamberlain, art lover) added a chapel of the apostles Peter and Paul.
Unfortunately, the fate of the temples themselves, Archpriest John (who served in the Church of the Intercession) and novice Anna Korneeva, who helped him in the church, after the October Revolution, repeated the fate of many thousands of others on the territory of the Soviet state. In accordance with the testimony of false witnesses, a certificate was issued for the arrest of priest John Pokrovsky, signed by the leaders of the NKVD of the Moscow region. On January 27, 1938, the authorities arrested Archpriest John, and on February 13, novice Anna Korneeva, imprisoning them in the city of Kashira. The Hieromartyr John (Pokrovsky) and the Monk Martyr Anna (Korneeva) on February 21, 1938, were sentenced to death by an NKVD troika. On February 26, 1938, the sentence was carried out. It is sad, but for that time it was quite an ordinary case ... Excerpts from the protocols of interrogations are now available on the Internet.
It was believed that the line of the Sheremetev boyars died out after the October Revolution of 1917, however, it turned out that there is a direct descendant of the Sheremetevs - Count Georgy. He lives in the USA, in California. A few years ago, he visited his family nest and, according to eyewitnesses, on that day a small icon of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos from the Intercession Church began to stream myrrh...
The aforementioned miraculous event is by no means the only one: the current rector of the Chirkinsky churches, Priest Viktor Kuznetsov, can cite many testimonies of contemporary miracles and cases of miracles. And the vast majority of them are connected with consecrated, strong, purest water sources located near the village of Chirkino.
“One is located in a lowland. Right under the temples of the village of Chirkino towering on the mountain. Source "Joy of All Who Sorrow". It is famous for the extraordinary concentration of silver in it. Twenty times its content in the water exceeds the usual norm here!.. A high canopy with a dome and a cross rises above the source. Nearby there is a comfortable bathing area.
Two other sources are located at the entrance to the temple complex, near the village of Shcherbinino, near the bridge over the river. Here you will see how a crystal stream escapes from the large diameter of the pipe. This spring was consecrated in honor of the locally venerated saints Hieromartyr John (Pokrovsky) and Rev. Martyr Anna (Korneeva), who were martyred for their faith in 1938.
Next to the inexpressible beauty is the Royal Spring in honor of the Great Martyrs, Passion-bearers of Tsar Nicholas 2 and Tsesarevich, the youth Alexy, who were killed for the faith and the Fatherland. Such a dedication is not accidental, since the root of the clan of the Sheremetev and Romanov boyars is one. Almshouse (now demolished) at the churches of the village. Chirkina was also consecrated during construction in 1908 in honor of the birth of Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov.
This spring fascinates with its extraordinary beauty. Round barrel of the purest water, six meters in diameter. This is a living, marvelous, natural aquarium, created by the Creator of everything. Algae green lace frame its bottom. About two dozen springs break out, whipping grains of sand high. Their seething does not excite the numerous fish, slowly waltzing in the weightlessness of the reservoir. Anyone who approaches and sees this inexplicable miracle is stupefied with bewitching delight. The strong beating of springs in the sandy bottom of the source does not frighten at all, does not excite, on the contrary, joyfully calms. I don't want to leave him. Everyone who wants to cheer up receives long-term energy for the body and soul in it.
The fourth source is especially famous - the ancient miraculous source of the prophet of God Elijah. He is mentioned in many historical descriptions, chronicles, church historiography of the Kolomna district of the 18th century. The archives contain certified, documented records of the consistory about the miraculous events that took place for a long time at the source.