In order for all processes in the myocardium to recover faster and heart function to improve, in addition to all other rehabilitation procedures, the patient needs to eat properly. During an attack of myocardial infarction, part of the heart muscle dies, which leads to serious disruptions in the functioning of the cardiovascular system.
Nutrition after myocardial infarction
During myocardial infarction, the blood supply to the contracting heart muscle is greatly weakened or completely stopped. This causes the death of muscle cells. The disease is accompanied by sharp and sudden changes in the functioning of the coronary vessels and heart muscle. A necrotic mass is formed, the breakdown products of which enter the blood.
The patient must undergo a recovery period of development of collateral vessels, replacement of necrosis with scar tissue and elimination of the ischemic area. A special diet will help medications solve these problems.
Basic requirements for therapeutic nutrition:
- Promote recovery processes in the heart muscle.
- Prevent stress on the cardiovascular system.
- Ensure intestinal motor function and gentle functioning of the digestive organs.
- Normalize blood circulation and metabolism
During different periods of the disease, which can be called acute, subacute and scarring, it is necessary to establish appropriate nutrition. It must also be tailored to the patient's physical activity and take into account complications and other comorbidities.
To facilitate the heart contractions, the patient needs to stay in bed. But, at the same time, the patient must obtain the energy he needs from food. Nutrition should be such as to restore the muscle tissue affected by myocardial infarction and not load it.
For this there are the following requirements:
- take light, but at the same time high-calorie foods;
- exclude fried and rich meat foods from your diet, as their absorption requires a lot of energy;
- increase the number of doses (6 times during the day), and reduce the quantity;
- do not eat foods that can cause bloating, because a raised diaphragm will impede heart contractions;
- Make sure you have enough protein in your food;
- the food must contain magnesium and potassium salts, which are necessary to improve the electrical activity of myocardial cells;
- limit the volume of liquid consumed to 0.5 liters;
- do not abuse caffeine, which is found in tea, coffee and carbonated drinks;
- reduce the amount of salt you consume to 5 grams;
- if in the first days you have stool retention, then this will only be beneficial, because when the muscles of the peritoneum are tense, a load is created on the still fragile myocardium. But, in the future, foods that have a laxative effect should be included in the diet.
It is important to know! To reduce the likelihood of complications after a myocardial infarction, doctors categorically recommend changing your previous lifestyle. Therefore, they strongly advise you to adhere to the necessary diet, otherwise other methods of treatment (taking medications or spa treatment) will not give the desired effect.
Proper nutrition helps to avoid disturbances in fat metabolism, which helps prevent relapse of the disease. In 1987, a group of experts who studied atherosclerosis identified the “7 golden rules” of a menu for people who have had a heart attack. Compliance with these rules will help eliminate disruptions in the patient’s fat metabolism:
- reduce fat intake;
- significantly reduce the amount of foods that contain saturated fatty acids, such as butter, animal fats, eggs, cream). These products increase cholesterol levels in the blood;
- consume more polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are present in the following products: fish and seafood, poultry and liquid vegetable oils. Helps reduce blood lipid levels;
- cook food only in vegetable oil and do not use saturated fats and butter for this purpose;
- increase your intake of complex carbohydrates and fiber;
- reduce the amount of salt consumed in food to five grams per day;
- Significantly reduce your intake of foods high in cholesterol.
Diet rules for those who have suffered a myocardial infarction
Dietary nutrition is determined by three periods of the disease: the acute period (the first two weeks), the period of scarring (before the 8th week) and rehabilitation (after the 8th week). The treatment menu for such patients should help improve heart function and restore processes in the myocardium throughout all periods. Also, dietary therapy should correct impaired metabolic processes and help prevent atherosclerosis.
Basic principles of post-infarction dietary nutrition
The patient's diet should be one that significantly limits the volume of food (then gradually increases) and its calorie content. You should not eat foods with large amounts of cholesterol and animal fats - these can be fatty meat and fish, animal entrails, caviar, brains, egg yolk, etc., as well as foods that can cause flatulence and fermentation in the intestines: milk in its natural form, legumes, cabbage, rye bread. It is recommended to include fish (cod, pike perch), cottage cheese, oatmeal, as well as foods containing potassium salts and vitamins C and P in the daily diet. It is necessary to significantly reduce the consumption of free liquid and salt. In this case, the period of illness, blood pressure and circulatory status should be taken into account.
Nutrition after a heart attack is divided into three sequentially prescribed diets. The first is recommended in the acute period of the disease (first week), the second - in the subacute (during 2 and 3 weeks), the third - during the period of scarring (starts from the 4th week).
At the beginning of a severe heart attack (1-2 days), the patient is given 50-75 ml of tea with lemon 7 times throughout the day (it should be semi-sweet and weak), juices from berries and fruits, warm and diluted with water, liquid from compotes, rosehip decoction, cranberry juice, liquid jelly, still mineral water.
Then the patient receives small portions of easily digestible food 5-6 times a day. Small portions prevent the rise of the diaphragm, which could impede the work of the heart. Food should be warm, but not hot or cold. To improve the taste of unsalted dishes, you can add tomato juice, sweet and sour fruit juices, citric acid or table vinegar to your food.
If the patient does not feel like eating in the first days of illness, then you should not force him. After some improvement, those patients who have a decreased appetite can be given some foods that contain fats and cholesterol - cream, caviar, eggs, etc. If the patient is overweight, then during the recovery period he needs to do fasting days .
How food should be processed
As a rule, all dishes are served without salt. Fried foods are completely prohibited; fish and meat must be low-fat and served exclusively boiled. During the first ration, pureed food is allowed, on the second - chopped, on the third ration - chopped and in pieces. Avoid taking cold (below 15 degrees) drinks and dishes.
Allowed calories
The calorie content of the first diet is 1300 kcal. At the same time, the presence of fats, proteins and carbohydrates should be 70, 50 and 180 g, respectively. The following vitamin content is required in food: vitamins A, B1, B2 - 2 mg each, vitamin PP - 15 mg, ascorbic acid - 100 g. Liquid intake no more than 0.8 l, salt up to 2 g. Food weight within 1700 g .
The calorie content of the second diet is in the range of 1700-1800 kcal. Proteins in amounts up to 70 g, 70 g fats and up to 250 g carbohydrates. In terms of vitamin content, the second diet does not differ from the first. Free liquid in the amount of 1000 ml. Table salt (in products) 1.5-2 g, in addition 3 grams are given to your hands. The total weight of the second ration is 2 kilograms.
Third diet: calorie content of dishes - 2200-2300 kcal. Fats - 80 g, carbohydrates - 320-350 g, proteins 90 g. Vitamins should be the same as in the previous two diets. Free liquid – 1000 ml. Table salt in products is 1.5-2 g and in addition an additional 5 g is given to your hands. The third ration should have a total weight of 2300 g.
Diet
During the first and second diets you should eat 6 times a day, during the third - 5 times. Portions should be small. The food temperature is normal.
Foods that are harmful and dangerous to eat during a heart attack
Patients who have had a myocardial infarction due to obesity should completely change their diet and in the future, with the help of a nutritionist, create a special diet that will help gradually reduce body weight.
People who have had a heart attack for reasons not related to excess weight should remove fried, fatty and flour products from their diet until complete rehabilitation. It is also necessary to exclude foods that cause bloating - flour products, milk, legumes. During the entire post-infarction period, fried and fatty foods are strictly prohibited.
The following should be removed from the diet: marinades, smoked foods, salted cheeses, mushrooms. You should also not eat food cooked in fish or meat broth.
Experts recommend limiting all fats, which contain a lot of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Intake of butter should be limited and margarine should be eliminated altogether. Consuming sunflower, olive or corn oil will be good for your heart.
- Meat and meat products
You should limit your intake of ham, kidneys, liver, minced lean beef, and bacon.
After a heart attack, you should not eat the following foods: pork (belly meat), lamb ribs and brisket, meat with visible fat, sausage, frankfurters, pates, goose meat, duck meat, poultry skin, fried eggs with meat, bacon, which has layers of fat.
- Dairy
The intake of medium-fat cheeses, pasty and processed cheeses, as well as semi-skimmed milk should be limited. Low-fat sour cream can only be used to season dishes.
- Fish and seafood
A useful product after a heart attack are all varieties of low-fat “white” fish: flounder, cod; and also fatty: tuna, mackerel, sardine, herring; salmon (salmon, pink salmon, chum salmon). The fish should be baked or boiled.
Eating seafood (crustaceans, mollusks) must be limited.
An undesirable product after a heart attack is fish roe.
- Vegetables and fruits
It is recommended to consume boiled and baked vegetables - peas, beans, olives, as well as all fruits, fresh and frozen. Potatoes can be eaten boiled, in their jackets, or peeled. Canned fruits, dried fruits (dried apricots, prunes, seedless raisins), and walnuts will be useful after a heart attack.
Doctors advise limiting your diet to stewed and fried potatoes, candied fruits and fruits in syrup, hazelnuts and almonds.
- Flour and confectionery products
Recommended: products made from wholemeal flour, grain bread, peeled bread, with bran, rye, whole (unground) cereals, wheat or oat flour, oatmeal with milk or water, cereals, crackers, oatmeal cookies, pasta casseroles, bread, prepared without yeast.
Products made from wheat flour (white bread, sweet cereals, biscuits), and polished rice are allowed in limited quantities.
You should not buy or eat cakes, cookies, or biscuits with sharp cheese in the store.
Small quantities of pastries, cakes, condiments and biscuits that have been cooked in oil, as well as snacks made at home with unsaturated fats, are acceptable.
Meals according to rations
- Bread and other flour products:
First ration - crackers made from first and highest grade wheat flour - 50 g
The second ration is wheat bread, baked the day before - 150 g;
The third diet is yesterday's white bread - 150 g, if well tolerated, 50 g of which can be replaced with rye bread.
- Soups:
The first diet is soups prepared with vegetables and cereals (mashed) and egg flakes - up to 200 grams;
The second and third diet - the soup should contain well-cooked cereals and vegetables (beetroot soup, borscht, pureed carrot soup), low-fat meat broth is allowed - 250 g.
- Poultry, fish, meat:
These products should be low-fat. Meat should be freed from fat, tendons, films, and poultry meat from skin.
The first diet - steamed cutlets, meatballs, boiled fish, soufflé - 50 grams each;
The second and third rations are products made from cutlet mass, boiled meat in pieces.
- Dairy products:
The first diet is tea and dishes with milk, low-fat kefir, pureed cottage cheese, soufflé;
The second and third diets are puddings with fruits, carrots, cereals, unsalted, low-fat cheese.
Sour cream is used to season borscht and soups.
- Eggs:
In all diets, you can eat egg flakes in vegetable broths, as well as protein omelettes.
- Cereals:
The first diet is rolled oats cooked in milk, pureed buckwheat or semolina porridge - 150 g;
The second diet is viscous, liquid porridge - about 200 g, semolina casserole, crumbly buckwheat porridge - 100 g;
The third diet is porridge, boiled vermicelli with the addition of cottage cheese, pudding from cottage cheese and buckwheat, semolina casserole with apples.
- Snacks:
During the first two rations - prohibited;
The third diet is lean ham, ripe tomatoes, boiled jellied fish and meat, herring soaked in water.
- Vegetables:
The first diet is potato, beetroot or carrot puree, carrot-curd pudding (mashed) – 100 g;
The second diet is supplemented with cauliflower and raw grated carrots;
The third diet - additionally stewed beets and carrots are introduced into the food. Dish weight – 150 g.
- Sweet dishes, fruits:
The first diet - mousses, jelly, applesauce, dried apricots and prunes soaked in water, honey or sugar - 30 g;
During the second and third rations - additionally raw berries and soft fruits, compotes, baked apples, jam, jelly, milk jelly, sugar no more than 50 g or instead of sugar 15 xylitol,
- Spices and sauces:
During the second and third rations - for better taste of unsalted food, add citric acid, tomato juice, table vinegar, vanillin, sweet and sour juices from fruits, first boiled and then slightly stewed onions, sauces with milk and decoction of vegetables .
- Beverages:
The first diet is weak tea with the addition of lemon or milk, a decoction of rose hips, a coffee drink with milk, an infusion of prunes, fruit juices (beetroot, carrot) - 100-150 grams;
The second and third diet are the same drinks - 200 grams.
- Fats:
The first and second rations - vegetable oils and butter are added to dishes;
Third diet - additional butter on hand - 10 g.
The diet prescribed after a heart attack must comply with the basic rules
- The number of meals reaches 6-7 times throughout the day, but portions are reduced.
- The calorie content of the overall diet decreases. If the patient eats more than he should, this can lead to insomnia.
- The consumption of cholesterol and animal fats is reduced.
- Cold and very hot foods are excluded; food should be heated to medium temperature.
- Salt is excluded from the diet.
- To prevent gas formation in the stomach, black bread, sweet carbonated drinks and juices are removed from the diet.
- Liquid consumption is reduced to one and a half liters (this includes soups and jelly).
- The menu should include foods containing magnesium and potassium: baked potatoes, prunes, beets, nuts, watermelons, buckwheat, seaweed, citrus fruits.
- Sugar consumption is significantly reduced.
How should patients eat after a heart attack?
The diet for such patients is divided into three diets, which differ in both volume and nutritional value. During the first days of illness, a person feels severe pain, general weakness, nausea, and has no need for food.
The first period after a heart attack lasts up to two weeks. All food for the sick is served unsalted and pureed. The daily caloric intake should not exceed 800-1000 kcal.
All food should be distributed into 6-7 doses and taken at least every 3 hours.
After a heart attack occurs, the patient is under the supervision of doctors and has to follow a strict diet, which, if necessary, can be adjusted.
Patients are allowed to take the following products:
- vegetable decoctions and soups;
- low-fat dairy products;
- carrot juice with vegetable oil added to it (1 teaspoon of oil per 100 g of juice) twice a day;
- well-cooked liquid porridge.
Salt is completely prohibited during this period.
Suggested menu for the first day after a heart attack
- Boiled fish (50 g), broth and jelly cooked with vegetables (half a glass);
- Milk porridge plus a small piece of butter, grated apple, half a glass of tea;
- Half a glass of curdled milk (can be replaced with prune decoction);
- Boiled chicken (50 g), rosehip decoction;
- Puree made from apples (100 g), rosehip decoction (half a glass);
- Low-fat cottage cheese (50 g) and rosehip decoction 120 g;
- 50 grams of prune puree.
Suggested dishes for the second period
This is 2 - 4 weeks after a heart attack (scarring period).
The daily calorie intake at this time should be 1300 - 1400 kcal.
Chemical composition of consumed products
- 100 g - proteins
- 80 g - fats
- carbohydrates also 80 g
You can gradually include salt in your food, but its amount should be limited (maximum 5 g per day). Liquid – maximum 1.4 liters (pure liquid can only be up to 0.8 liters, the rest is used in cooking). The diet is divided into 7 meals, the last time you can eat no later than two hours before bedtime. Before falling asleep, you are allowed to drink some fermented milk product or replace it with juice.
Prohibited Products
- fatty fish, meat and poultry, sausage and lard;
- foods that contain a lot of cholesterol (offal, egg yolks, etc.);
- smoked meats and pickles;
- strong tea, coffee;
- salty, spicy seasonings, for example, such as horseradish, mustard and others;
- alcoholic drinks.
If the patient is overweight, the consumption of bread, flour products and sweets should be minimized.
Products useful after a heart attack during the second rehabilitation period
- Milk and other products made from it (hard cheese, low-fat kefir and cottage cheese);
- Cereals. Buckwheat and oatmeal are especially useful;
- Vegetables (you should definitely eat cabbage, especially cauliflower), fruits, berries, citrus fruits;
- Pasta;
- Lean meat, chicken and fish (150 g once a day);
- Black lightly salted caviar (up to two times a week, 20 g);
- Seafood;
- Sour cream and milk sauces based on vegetable broth;
- Strong fish and meat broths;
- Butter (unsalted, melted);
- Nuts;
- Soybeans, beans;
- Figs, raisins, prunes, dried apricots;
- Bran decoction with lemon juice and honey;
- Egg white (one per day);
- Juices from vegetables, fruits and berries;
- Compotes, mousses, jelly, jams;
- Rose hip decoction;
- Tea with milk or lemon;
- Greenery.
Menu for the day in the second rehabilitation period
- Prune decoction - half a glass;
- Porridge with milk, cottage cheese (50 g) plus sour cream (10 g), an omelette made from two proteins, 120 g of tea with milk.
- Apple fritters, carrots and applesauce, half a glass of fruit juice or replace it with rosehip decoction.
- Vegetable broth with breadcrumbs (150 g), 50 g of boiled chicken or fish, apple jelly.
- Half a glass of juice, tea or yogurt.
- Boiled chicken or fish (50 g), boiled cauliflower, carrot-beet puree.
- 100 grams of puree made from prunes or replace it with half a glass of yogurt.
Meals during the third period
After two months, the patient can gradually return to his usual food. But, at the same time, he must eat 7 times a day and follow all the doctors’ recommendations. You can already drink up to 1 liter of liquid.
For people with normal or low weight, the energy value of the daily diet should be 2500 kcal. Salt can be consumed no more than 3-5 g per day. In the third period, the diet of patients is enriched with potassium salts, which are able to remove excess fluid from the body and normalize the contractile function of the myocardium. Potassium is included in dry vegetables, fruits and berries (prunes, dried apricots, dates, raisins, apricots, etc.)
But some products contain a lot of oxalic acid, which is prohibited in case of heart failure - this is sorrel, black currants, rhubarb, gooseberries, radishes, lettuce).
It is recommended to replace sugar with honey; it contains many different vitamins, microelements and biologically active substances. A glass of water with a dessert spoon of honey will help normalize intestinal activity. For bedridden patients this is very important.
For patients who have had a heart attack, a very good option would be dishes made from squid, seaweed and mussels, which contain organic iodine, copper, manganese, methionine, cobalt, which prevent blood clotting.
Vegetable side dishes, except legumes
- Vinaigrettes, home-cooked vegetable caviar, boiled fish.
- Chicken egg white (one per day).
- Pasta dishes, porridge.
- Lean poultry, fish, beef, lamb in 150 g pieces once a day or in the form of meatballs and steam cutlets.
- Dairy products (low-fat cottage cheese, kefir, sour cream, cheese).
- Fruits (in any form), jellies, mousses, jellies.
Allowed drinks: fruit and berry juices, weak tea with milk or lemon, bran decoction to which you can add lemon juice or honey, rosehip infusion.
The following products should be excluded from the menu: fried meat, poultry and fish, strong fish and meat broths. Particularly dangerous for patients: salty and spicy snacks and dishes, lard, smoked meats, canned food, fresh bread, sausages, spicy seasonings (horseradish, mustard), strong coffee and tea, alcoholic drinks.
Patients who have many extra pounds need to normalize their weight - this will help reduce physical stress on the heart and reduce lipid metabolism disorders. Fasting days are recommended for such patients.
- Eat 500 g of oatmeal and drink 800 ml of fruit juice per day;
- Apple day: pureed or baked apples (1.5 - 2 kg);
- Rice-compote day: rice porridge (100 g), compote (5 glasses);
- Watermelon day: 300 g ripe watermelon 5 times a day.
During the first days of myocardial infarction, the patient is given a quarter glass of weak sweet tea up to 8 times a day. Tea can be replaced with rosehip decoction or juices - blackcurrant, orange. It is necessary to ensure that drinks are warm.
After 2-3 days you can switch to the first diet:
- fat recommended 30 g
- amount of proteins – 60 g
- carbohydrates should be 180 g
- you should drink up to 600 ml of free liquid
- salt – maximum 2 g (in products).
The total weight of the dishes should be 1700 g, calorie content - 1200 kcal, food temperature within 50 degrees. The entire amount of food should be divided into six meals.
Approximate diet:
On an empty stomach, the patient drinks 100 g of infusion of prunes or fruit juice.
At 8 o'clock in the morning: milk porridge with cereal 30 g), one grated apple, half a glass of weak tea.
At 11 o'clock in the morning: boiled chicken or cutlet (50 g), 120 g of rosehip decoction or some fruit juice.
At 14:00: half a plate of vegetable broth, meatballs made from fish or meat with mashed potatoes.
At 17:00: puree made from apples (100 g).
At 19:00: cottage cheese (50 g) and 120 g of kefir.
At 21:00: prune puree (50 g)
Depending on the patient’s condition, the first diet diet lasts up to 4 weeks.
The second diet, used in the subacute period, is more expanded. The total mass of products increases to 2 kg, with: fats - 80 g, proteins - 80 g, carbohydrates - 200 g, liquid - 800 ml, salt - 3 g, total calorie content - 1600 kcal. You should eat 5 times a day.
When the patient can already get out of bed, a third diet is recommended, the calorie content of which is 2000 cal. The total weight of food is 2.5 kg. Ingredients: fat should be 50 g, carbohydrates - 300 g, protein - 90 g, liquid - up to 1 l, salt up to 5 g. Food should be taken in 5 doses, temperature - normal.
After a person who has suffered a myocardial infarction is discharged from the hospital, he will be prescribed the 10 C diet, which is usually prescribed for atherosclerosis. Its goal is to prevent the development of atherosclerosis by reducing calories and limiting foods high in cholesterol.
This diet has two options: for patients with normal weight, and for those who have extra pounds.
The heart is forced to work harder. Due to the replacement of the area of necrosis with connective tissue, the number of functioning muscle cells decreases. To avoid the negative consequences of a heart attack and protect yourself from a relapse, you need to take care of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Diet after a heart attack is key to a successful recovery by reducing the load on the necrotic heart.
Basic Rules
With a properly structured diet, the rehabilitation period is significantly reduced, unpleasant symptoms of the disease disappear faster and scar formation occurs as sparingly as possible. The choice of diet during a heart attack will largely depend on the period of the illness: in the acute stage, more stringent dietary requirements are put forward than in the recovery phase, the presence of atherosclerosis and hypertension plays an important role.
Restoring health after a heart attack is not an easy task; this requires a set of measures, including drug treatment, physiotherapy, giving up bad habits and therapeutic nutrition.
To effectively treat a heart attack, the following rules have been developed:
- people with excess body weight, especially with concomitant atherosclerosis, need to take care to normalize their weight;
- to form positive dynamics, the patient must receive a daily dose of all vitamins and minerals;
- It is better to consume more vegetable fats, and when cooking, use olive oil instead of butter;
- excessively fatty, fried and spicy foods should be excluded from the diet of a patient in the cardiology department, it is advisable to minimize the amount of salt consumed;
- fruits and vegetables rich in fiber, along with seafood and lean meat, help restore myocardial contractile function and restore vascular tone.
As the disease progresses to the scarring stage, moderate physical activity (hiking, breathing exercises) is recommended, which will help normalize the natural metabolism in the body. It is better to replace coffee and strong tea with dried fruit compote. After experiencing necrosis of the heart muscle, you should avoid stress, and also periodically measure blood pressure, pulse and blood sugar levels.
Diet for acute myocardial infarction
The first week after a heart attack is a critical period in the pathogenesis of the disease. Ignoring medical recommendations at this stage leads to the development of possible complications. While there is a fresh focus of necrosis on the heart, it is worth excluding fatty, high-calorie and fried foods. Scarring can sometimes last up to 14–21 days, which is worth remembering when creating the right diet.
Avoid heavy foods, foods that excite the nervous system, irritate the gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidneys and cause flatulence.
List of what you can eat during an acute heart attack:
- vegetable purees and decoctions;
- light soups, low-fat broths;
- boiled porridge in water;
- lean fish;
- vegetable oil;
- chicken and lean beef;
- dairy products;
- carrot juice.
Heavy foods, as well as strong tea, help increase vascular tone, creating additional stress on the heart. You should avoid foods with allergenic properties, such as legumes, grapes, tomatoes, mushrooms, chocolate, etc. During a heart attack, it is recommended to eat unsalted, steamed food. The optimal choice would be 6 meals a day in small portions.
Diet in the subacute period
When the symptoms of a heart attack have smoothed out somewhat, and the fresh focus of necrosis has begun to be replaced by connective tissue, you can somewhat diversify your diet. You should still avoid homemade baked goods, smoked meats and excessively fatty foods. Nutrition during a heart attack in the subacute stage can be varied with thicker dishes, carbohydrate porridges, cereals, and boiled meat. The amount of salt should not exceed 5–6 g per day.
After discharge from the hospital, the diet becomes less strict, but salt, fatty foods, strong coffee and tea, alcohol and confectionery are still prohibited.
- animal fats (lard, fatty meat, butter);
- drinks containing caffeine;
- pasta, baked goods, fast food;
- overly salty and spicy foods;
- alcohol.
When observing positive dynamics, the daily amount of plant carbohydrates is gradually increased. You need to eat at least 5 times a day, still in small portions. If the patient has had a stent installed, you need to eat a little and 6-7 times a day, avoiding eating immediately before bedtime. It is worth sticking to this diet for two to three weeks after the disease has entered the subacute stage.
Diet during scarring
To correctly and completely replace the area of necrosis with connective tissue, you need to continue to monitor your diet, even if the symptoms of a heart attack have completely disappeared. To speed up recovery from illness, you need to take care of proper nutrition.
During the scarring period, the following products will be appropriate:
- dried fruits (dried apricots, prunes, dried apples, various compotes);
Dietary nutrition is aimed at eliminating the causes of the disease
- sea fish and shrimp rich in iodine;
- fresh fruits and vegetables, cucumbers, garlic (except grapes);
- fermented milk products, cottage cheese;
- milk;
- vegetable stews, purees, decoctions;
- lean poultry and beef.
Exceeding the recommended level of physical activity, a stressful situation or abuse of junk food complicates the rehabilitation period. A balanced diet after a heart attack will help stop the transition of scarring to the heart valves and avoid further formation of myocardiosclerosis.
Eating after illness
When enough time has passed for the body to fully recover after a heart attack, you can return to the usual 3-4 meals a day. It is allowed to eat solid food, weak tea and baked goods in reasonable quantities.
To prevent recurrent myocardial infarction, it is recommended:
- eat as many vegetables and fruits as possible every day;
- take care of a sufficient amount of fiber (bread, cereals);
- add more carbohydrates to the diet and reduce the amount of protein-rich foods (replace fatty meat with cottage cheese);
- avoid smoked meats, stews and dishes with chemical additives;
- reduce cholesterol and salt intake.
Chicken eggs, pork liver, salmon caviar, and butter contain large amounts of fatty acids. The diet after myocardial infarction should not include these foods. During the acute and subacute period, it is worth reducing the amount of fluid consumed.
After a myocardial infarction occurs, you need to carefully monitor your health.
One of the preventive measures taken to prevent the occurrence of myocardial infarction is proper nutrition. But to restore health after a heart attack, you need to follow a specially designed diet.
The diet after a heart attack for a man and a woman consists of three diets, which completely depend on the period of the heart attack and must be prescribed by the attending physician.
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First ration
You can eat bread in this diet. But at the same time, it must be baked from premium or first-grade flour, well dried or in the form of crackers (allowable amount 50 g).
Soups are allowed to be included in the diet in the amount of 0.15-0.2 kg. As a rule, they are cooked in vegetable broth, to which permitted cereals and vegetables are then added. You can also add egg flakes to the soup.
As for meat, it should be presented in the form of lean varieties and not contain fascia, tendons and fat. Poultry is also used, but without skin. For meat products, meatballs, cutlets, soufflés, etc. are allowed.
Dairy products include milk, which can be added to dishes or tea. Fermented milk products are also allowed, for example, low-fat kefir. The cottage cheese is thoroughly pureed and used in the form of a paste or soufflé.
It is useful to include protein omelettes in your diet. You can add egg flakes to vegetable dishes. Vegetables are allowed to be consumed only in the form of puree or carrot, beetroot, potato, and carrot-curd pudding. Among the cereals, you can eat rolled oats prepared with milk, grated buckwheat porridge, and semolina porridge.
It can be consumed no more than 30 g per day. The same applies to honey. Therefore, you need to choose one thing per day: honey or granulated sugar. The tea becomes weak. You can pour a little milk into it or put lemon. It is also permissible to drink prune infusion, fruit juice or rosehip decoction. Their dosage is 100-150 g/day.
The total amount of fluid taken should be 0.7-0.8 liters. The body should receive 50 g of protein, 0.15-0.2 kg of carbohydrates and no more than 40 g of fat per day. Salt intake is strictly prohibited. The total calorie content of the diet is 1300 calories, and the weight is about 1.7 kg.
For example, the patient’s first diet can be represented as follows:
- yogurt or prune decoction in the amount of ½ cup;
- porridge with milk with the addition of apples, grated apple, as a drink - tea with milk in the amount of ½ cup;
- boiled chicken, rosehip broth;
- boiled fish, vegetable broth and jelly;
- rosehip decoction and apple puree;
- rosehip decoction and cottage cheese;
- puree made from prunes.
Second and third rations
The total calorie content of the second diet is 1800 kcal, and the weight is about 2 kg. Moreover, it should contain 60 g of fat, 70 g of protein and 25 g of carbohydrates. The amount of liquid taken should not exceed 1 liter. You can include salt, but not more than 3 g.
As for the third diet, its calorie content should be 2300 kcal, weight no more than 2.3 kg. It contains: 70 g fat, 320 g carbohydrates, 90 g protein and 1.1 liters of liquid.
In the second and third rations, it is allowed to eat bread, but only it must be yesterday’s bread, and baked from wheat flour. During scarring, the amount of bread can be increased to 0.25 kg. If it is replaced by bread made from rye flour, then it is allowed only in the first ration and exclusively in the amount of 50 g.
The amount of soup in both diets is 0.25 g. Moreover, it should be made from well-cooked cereals and vegetables. You can also cook carrot or beet soup, but it should be pureed. Low-fat meat broth or borscht is also allowed.
As for meat, with these diets it is allowed to eat meat in the form of a cutlet mass or a small piece of boiled meat. You can also use sour cream, unsalted low-fat cheese, as well as puddings made from cereals, carrots or fruits.
It is allowed to include baked apples, milk puddings, meringues, jellies, soft raw fruits and berries into the diet. As for sugar, you can consume no more than 50 g per day.
Since salt is allowed in small quantities, vanillin, lemon or tomato juice, and sauces made with vegetable broth or milk can be added to dishes. You can add 10 g of butter. You can boil the onion and then fry it a little. The drinks are identical to those with the first diet, but their volume increases to 0.2 liters. Snacks are still prohibited.
The menu of this diet includes viscous, liquid and ground porridge in an amount of 0.2 kg. Also add 0.1 kg of crumbly buckwheat porridge. The diet may include raw grated carrots, semolina casserole, and cauliflower.
The menu of the third diet includes: boiled vermicelli with cottage cheese, porridge in the amount of 0.2 kg, curd-buckwheat pudding and casserole of apples and semolina. Vegetables can be stewed beets or carrots in an amount of 0.15 kg. The third diet already allows the inclusion of snacks in the diet. This could be lean ham, ripe tomatoes, soaked herring.
For example, the second diet menu may consist of: |
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The third diet menu includes: |
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Basics and features of the diet after a heart attack for men
Maintaining proper nutrition after myocardial infarction for men and women is aimed at reducing atherogenic dyslipidoproteinemia.
A specially selected diet must be followed taking into account the following rules:
- It is necessary to introduce dishes containing large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids into the diet. They reduce the lipid content in the blood, and, therefore, improve blood circulation and reduce the load on the heart. These components are found in products such as meat, poultry, fish, and unrefined vegetable oils (for example, flaxseed, olive, sunflower).
- Reduce consumption of foods with cholesterol. This applies to margarine, mayonnaise, and butter.
- For cooking, use exclusively vegetable oil.
- Reduce to a minimum the consumption of foods rich in fat: chicken eggs, butter, cream.
- Stop consuming cocoa, chocolate, strong tea, coffee, herbs and spices.
- Introduce dishes containing complex carbohydrates and fiber. You should eat plenty of fresh or cooked vegetables and fruits. It is advisable to boil or stew vegetables, and make juices and fresh juices from fruits.
- Reduce salt intake to a minimum, but not more than 5 g/day.
- The diet should be designed so that the heart and blood vessels receive microelements such as: potassium magnesium, vitamins A, C, B, E, F. All this can be obtained from: cod, parsley, almonds, sunflower seeds.
- You should strictly control your fluid intake per day: no more than 1.2–1.5 liters of water, including soups, teas, and other liquid dishes.
- It is advisable to eat 6-7 times a day in small portions. You should not drink or eat 2-3 hours before bedtime.
Folk remedies
Most often, problems with the cardiovascular system arise due to atherosclerosis.
To remove or reduce cholesterol, you can use the following methods:
- Introduction to the diet of raw food. It helps slow down fat deposition. Grind the head of garlic until mushy, pour in 1 tbsp. vegetable oil (unrefined). A day later, pour in the squeezed juice of 1 lemon and stir the mixture. Leave to infuse for a week in a cool, dark place, shaking the jar periodically. Drink the resulting oil 1 tsp. 3 times/day half an hour before meals for 3 months. After a month's break, the course is repeated.
- Berries, vegetables, fruits, and juices made from them help eliminate cholesterol plaques. The best of them are apples, citrus fruits, cranberries, and chokeberries. You should chew lemon zest as often as possible. It contains many essential oils that have a beneficial effect on blood vessels. You can take a mixture of chokeberry and honey in a ratio of 1 to 2. 1 tbsp/day.
- To prevent arrhythmia, eat about 0.1-0.15 kg of dried apricots containing potassium.
- Walnuts contain magnesium. Grind 0.1 kg of kernels, add 2 tbsp. buckwheat honey Divide the prepared portion into 3 times and eat during the day.
- In the first days of myocardial infarction, drink unsweetened freshly squeezed juices. For example, it could be carrot juice with ½ tbsp of vegetable oil added. twice a day. You can also drink persimmon juice or turnip juice with honey for 3 months. Take juice made from equal parts of carrot, radish, beetroot and honey. Drink 1 tbsp. spoon 3 times a day half an hour before meals.
- 1 tbsp. dilute bee honey with 1/2 tbsp. boiled water and drink the resulting solution in sips throughout the day.
- You can take a mixture of royal jelly and honey (1:100) 0.5 tsp. 3 times/day. The mixture is left in the mouth until completely dissolved. The duration of treatment is at least 2-4 weeks.
What not to eat
Correction of the diet must be agreed upon with the attending physician.
After stenting
A diet is also necessary after stenting. It helps prevent the development of atherosclerosis. To create a proper diet, you need to visit a doctor.
After a heart attack or stenting, the body undergoes great stress. Therefore, during the recovery period you need to make every effort.
Only a qualified doctor can help with this, who will select the right menu and other preventive measures, which will help not only restore health, but also save lives.
Myocardial infarction is a type of coronary heart disease that develops primarily against the background of pathology of the coronary vessels that supply the heart muscle. The disease in most cases is diagnosed in males.
The main cause of problems with the coronary arteries is atherosclerosis, when cholesterol deposits are deposited on the walls of blood vessels, narrowing their lumen.
The development of atherosclerosis largely depends on the nature of the diet of the sick person. This is why doctors prescribe a special diet for patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction. A diet after myocardial infarction for men helps cleanse the body and prevents relapses of the disease, as well as its complications.
Basic principles of nutrition
The first thing you need to pay attention to is the difference in diet for different genders. Few people know, but nutrition after myocardial infarction for women is radically different from the diet of sick men who have a history of a similar disease. What does this have to do with? The cause of the disease in the fair sex in most clinical cases is diabetes mellitus, while in men it is atherosclerosis. That is why the diet after myocardial infarction in men is aimed at reducing cholesterol in the human blood, and in women - glucose levels.
There are general principles that must be followed when preparing dishes for men with a history of myocardial infarction:
- for cooking it is necessary to use exclusively vegetable oil, it is better if it is olive or corn;
- It is necessary to completely exclude butter from the cooking process;
- reduce to a minimum the intake of salt, animal fats, fatty acids and other sources of cholesterol;
- increase the amount of fiber-containing foods in your daily diet, such as fruits and vegetables;
- add to your diet foods enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are found in large quantities in seafood, fish, and mussels.
The diet after myocardial infarction is characterized by stages, depending on the period after the illness:
- acute stage, which lasts for the first two weeks after a heart attack;
- subacute stage or third week of treatment;
- a period of scarring that occurs with the formation of scars in the area of myocardial necrosis.
Features of nutrition for men in the acute post-infarction period
Nutrition after myocardial infarction in men in the acute period has its own characteristics. It is an important part of the treatment of the disease and should help speed up the patient’s recovery process.
On the first day after a heart attack, patients are recommended to follow a strict diet that completely excludes salt, fatty and fried foods, meat, and baked goods from the diet.
These days, a sick man can eat exclusively light and low-fat foods, for example, fermented milk products. Nutritionists strongly advise such patients to introduce boiled porridge, vegetable broths, and carrot juice into their diet.
According to statistics, the majority of sick men who have had an MI are overweight or suffer from varying degrees of obesity. As is known, it is these fatty deposits that are a common cause of hypertension and contribute to cholesterol deposition of the vascular wall, leading to atherosclerosis. Therefore, every man who has survived an acute attack of myocardial ischemia with tissue necrosis must monitor the calorie content of the food he absorbs. It is better to replace sugar with honey, and pasta and bread with cereals, vegetables and fruits.
Patients in the acute post-infarction period are strictly prohibited from:
- salt, even in minimal quantities;
- coarse fiber, bread, baked goods, pastries, pasta;
- smoked and fried foods;
- spicy food;
- beans, tomatoes, grapes;
- mushrooms in any form;
- dairy products, with the exception of yogurt and kefir.
Diet in the subacute period
In the subacute period, nutritionists advise their patients to eat foods enriched with carbohydrates and almost completely avoid fats. This will help maintain blood cholesterol levels at the proper level and will not lead to another spasm of the coronary arteries. The diet of such men should be compiled individually, taking into account the patient’s weight, his daily calorie needs, the presence of concomitant diseases, etc.
What should be completely excluded from the menu in the subacute post-infarction period?
- coffee, strong tea, other caffeine-containing drinks and food products;
- chocolate, sweets;
- hot spices and spices;
- butter, margarine and other animal fats;
- alcoholic drinks.
Nutritionists warn that men after a myocardial infarction should monitor the calorie content of their daily diet, which should not exceed 1200 kcal/day. Salt intake can be increased to 4-5 grams per day.
Nutrition during the rumen formation stage
The scarring period is usually characterized by increased vitality for many patients. At this stage, the sick person who has suffered a heart attack feels practically healthy and ready to return to a normal lifestyle. As for nutrition, nutritionists still recommend waiting and not rushing into the abundance of products that the modern market offers us.
The calorie content of food consumed throughout the day can be increased to 2000-2300 kcal, divided into 3-4 meals. As before, you should not overuse salt and start leaning on fatty and fried foods. It should be remembered that the ratio of carbohydrates to proteins and fats should be within 4:3:1. It is better for patients to eat easily digestible foods, vegetarian dishes, and drink a glass of kefir before going to bed.
As for the drinking regime, this also has its own characteristics.
Myocardial infarction, a diet for which is mandatory for every patient, requires a daily intake of 1.5 liters of fluid.
The fact is that for normal functioning the male body must be regularly replenished with water. This will help him quickly recover from an illness, improve the rheological properties of the blood, prevent the formation of blood clots and much more.
During the scarring period, a man should eat apples, dried fruits, greens, spinach, rose hip decoction, enriched with vegetable puree or stew, low-fat cottage cheese, chicken, veal, rice, buckwheat and low-fat fish.
How should men eat after stenting?
As is known, treatment of patients with myocardial infarction is not always carried out conservatively. Sometimes, to save the life of a sick person, he needs an operation to restore coronary circulation, which is called stenting. This surgical intervention involves the introduction of a special stent into the lumen of the coronary vessel, which allows maintaining the diameter of the coronary artery at the proper level.
Meals in the first days after surgery should be fractional (in small quantities) and approximately six or seven times a day. It is necessary to completely eliminate salt and consume an adequate amount of fluid so as not to provoke the development of swelling and heart failure. Carbohydrates should predominate in the diet, but fats should be kept to a minimum.
What to eat after illness?
Discharge from the hospital for a man who has survived a myocardial infarction does not mean that he can now eat everything, as before the disease. A history of focal necrosis of the heart muscle requires a constant diet aimed at limiting the consumption of fatty foods, which contribute to the progression. Nutrition after a heart attack should, on the contrary, help the patient lose extra pounds, normalize blood pressure, and lower blood cholesterol levels.
How should a person who has suffered a myocardial infarction eat in everyday life? There are several simple rules that will allow a sick man to recover faster from an illness and prevent relapses of the disease:
- you need to try to eat often, but in small portions;
- the emphasis should be on carbohydrates;
- eat dried fruits and nuts daily;
- forget about preparing dishes using animal fats, which are better replaced with vegetable oils;
- learn to cook vegetarian recipes;
- do not overuse salty foods;
- do not eat 2 hours before bedtime.
As already mentioned, dietary nutrition after myocardial infarction for men is the most important component of the treatment regimen for a pathological condition, which can reduce the rehabilitation period, improve a person’s well-being, normalize the patient’s weight, normalize blood pressure and prevent the occurrence of complications of the disease.
After description diets after myocardial infarction Recipes for dishes recommended by nutritionists for a diet after a heart attack are presented.
Diet after myocardial infarction depends on the period of the disease (acute, subacute, period of scarring) and the motor mode.
Diet for heart attack, goal
1. Reduce the calorie content of the diet, limit foods containing a lot of cholesterol (offal, fatty meats and fish, pork, beef, lamb fats, yolks, cod liver oils, halibut, sausages, canned food, meat, fish, mushroom broths). Reduce the amount of sugar, which can increase blood clotting, it is advisable to replace it with honey.
2. Exclude from the diet after myocardial infarction foods that cause flatulence in the intestines (milk, fresh bread, rye bread, pastries, cucumbers, cabbage, legumes, grape juice, carbonated drinks).
3. Exclude from the diet after myocardial infarction foods that stimulate the vascular and nervous systems (chocolate, coffee, cocoa, spicy snacks, spices)
4. Limit the amount of salt and free liquid administered.
5. Include in the diet after myocardial infarction vegetable oil, vegetables and fruits that promote gentle bowel movements - compotes, infusions of dried fruits, kefir, beet puree, carrots, apples, apricot juice.
6. Cook food boiled.
7. Avoid very hot and cold foods.
8.To improve the taste of unsalted food and appetite, use citric acid when cooking. tomato and lemon juice, table vinegar, vanillin.
9. In the first days of the acute period of a heart attack, give food 7-8 times a day, then 5-6 times a day.
10. Give food in small portions, easily digestible to prevent the rise of the diaphragm, which can impede the work of the heart.
In the first 1-2 days after a heart attack, the patient’s need for food is small, so the patient is only given warm, weak tea with sugar (semi-sweet) and 1/4 cup of lemon, rosehip decoction, orange juice diluted with water, black tea juice diluted with water. currants and others, liquid from compote, cranberry juice, liquid jelly, alkaline mineral waters without gas. Cold drinks can cause heart pain, so they are not recommended.
I diet plan for myocardial infarction
1-2 days after an acute heart attack, the first ration of diet No. 10i is prescribed for a week, containing:
60g proteins,
30g fat,
180g carbohydrates,
1.5-2g salt in products,
Calorie content - 1200kcal,
Free liquid 0.7-0.8 l,
Diet weight 1700g,
Number of meals - 6.
Dishes are prepared pureed, food temperature is not higher than 50 degrees.
In the first diet of the diet after myocardial infarction, it is recommended to include vegetable broth soups with pureed cereals and vegetables, egg flakes, 50 g of crackers, steamed cutlets, dumplings, meatballs, soufflé, boiled fish, kefir, pureed cottage cheese, curd soufflé, protein omelet, semolina porridge in milk, pureed buckwheat and oatmeal in milk, pureed carrots, potatoes, beets, pureed carrot-curd pudding, applesauce, jelly, mousses, prunes soaked in water, dried apricots, weak tea with lemon, milk, rosehip decoction, prune infusion , fruit, carrot, beet juices. Butter and vegetable oil are added only to dishes. Milk is added only to dishes.
In the first days of illness, if the patient does not want to eat, he should not be forced to eat.
Diet menu after myocardial infarction for 1 day - I diet
1st breakfast: 100g of mashed milk porridge from rolled oats, 50g of curd paste, 150g of tea with milk.
2nd breakfast: 100g applesauce.
Lunch: 150g semolina soup with vegetable broth, 100g carrot puree with vegetable oil, 50g meat soufflé, 100g fruit jelly.
Afternoon snack: 10g rosehip decoction, 50g curd paste.
Dinner: 100g pureed buckwheat porridge, 50g fish dumplings, 150g tea with lemon
At night: 100g prune decoction.
II diet after myocardial infarction
The diet after myocardial infarction in the subacute period (2-3 weeks of illness) is expanded and the II ration of diet No. 10i is prescribed, which contains:
80g proteins,
50g fat,
200g carbohydrates,
3g salt on hands,
Calorie content - 1600kcal,
Free liquid 800ml,
Dishes are prepared mainly chopped,
Number of meals - 5,
Diet weight 2000g,
The food temperature is normal.
In the second ration of the diet after myocardial infarction, 150 g of day-old wheat bread, vegetable broth soups with well-cooked cereals and vegetables, boiled meat and fish in pieces or minced meat products, kefir, curd puddings with cereals, fruits, carrots, low-fat, unsalted cheese are recommended. liquid viscous ungrated porridge, semolina casserole, mashed potatoes, beets, carrots, and also add cauliflower puree, grated raw carrots, raw soft fruits and berries, baked apples, compote, milk jelly and jelly, meringues, up to 50 g of sugar, drinks and fats as in diet I. To improve the taste of unsalted food, add tomato, lemon, fruit juices, boiled and lightly fried onions, sauces with vegetable broth and milk.
Diet menu after myocardial infarction for 1 day - II diet
1st breakfast: 200g semolina porridge with fruit puree, 50g protein omelet, 180g tea with milk.
2nd breakfast: 100g curd paste, 100g rosehip decoction.
Lunch: 250g vegetarian borscht with vegetable oil, 150g mashed potatoes. 55g boiled meat, 100g fruit jelly.
Afternoon snack: 100g baked apples
Dinner: 100 carrot puree, 50g boiled fish, 180g tea with lemon..
At night: 180g low-fat kefir.
III diet ration
At week 4, during the scarring period, diet III of diet No. 10i is prescribed, containing:
90g proteins,
50g fat,
250-300g carbohydrates,
5g salt on hands,
1 liter of free liquid,
Calorie content - 2000kcal,
Food is prepared boiled, chopped and in pieces, without salt, cold dishes below 15 degrees are excluded,
Number of meals - 5.
In the third ration of the diet after myocardial infarction, add to the dishes of the first two rations 250 g of stale wheat bread, you can replace 50 g of it with 50 g of rye bread, stewed carrots with beets, soaked herring, lean ham, boiled jellied meat and fish, boiled vermicelli with cottage cheese, casserole semolina with apples, buckwheat-curd pudding, porridge, butter on hand 10g.
Diet menu after myocardial infarction for 1 day - III diet
1st breakfast: 150g buckwheat porridge, 10g butter, 30g cheese, 180g tea with milk.
2nd breakfast: 150g cottage cheese with milk, 180g rosehip decoction.
Lunch: 250g oatmeal soup with vegetables, 150g beets stewed in sour cream sauce, 100g boiled chicken, 100g fresh apples.
Dinner: 150g mashed potatoes, 85g boiled fish, 180g tea with lemon.
At night: 180g kefir.
Diet 10i rations are created on the basis of diet 10a, taking into account the caloric content, chemical composition and allowed dishes of the three rations of diet 10i.
Further diet after myocardial infarction
After three diets, diet No. 10 and the diet after myocardial infarction are expanded and the patient is transferred to diet No. 10, No. 10c. With increased weight, the patient is prescribed fasting days along with the main diet.
During the period of some improvement with decreased appetite, the patient can be given a small amount of foods containing fats and cholesterol (cream, Ukrainian eggs, eggs and other products).
Below are recipes for dietary dishes recommended by nutritionists for a diet after myocardial infarction.