Participle
A gerund is an unchangeable form of a verb, which has the characteristics of a verb and an adverb, and denotes an additional action.
Verb features:
View: reading - having read. Offering – offering;
Refund: returning - returning. Having met - having met.
Adverb features:
Immutability;
Role in a sentence - gerunds in a sentence can only be circumstances: (He spoke carefully, fearing to say something unnecessary. Sasha looked at them smiling.)
Unlike participles, gerunds do not have tense; they only have aspect.
Imperfect participles denote an action that signifies simultaneously with the main one: tearfully and cursing loudly, he tried to move the horse from its place.Perfect participles denote an action that happened before the main one:His companion, throwing on a scarf, suggested returning to the garden.
Participles from imperfective verbs are formed using suffixes - and I: buy - buying. Several obsolete forms with the suffix have also been preserved in the language - teach: being, playfully, sneaking.
Participles from perfective verbs are formed using suffixes
V, -lice, -shi: buy - having bought, meet - having met, save - having saved, appear - appear.
Participial phrases. A participle with dependent words forms an adverbial phrase.
Difficulties in the formation and use of participles.
The action expressed by the predicate verb and the additional action indicated by the gerund must be performed by one person. Therefore, the following proposals are erroneous:Having caught a cold, I had a sore throat - a cold in my throat. Returning home in the rain, our jackets were soaked through - jackets were returning home in the rain.
Tasks.
How can you finish a sentence?
1. Having met him by chance in the theater,
A) she remembered their student years.
B) it hurt her that they broke up so absurdly.
C) she wanted to return the past.
D) unexpectedly for herself, she felt how dear he was to her.
2. When getting a job,
A) during a meeting with an employer, every word you say should be thought out
B) during a meeting with an employer, behave modestly, but with dignity.
C) the suit you wear to the negotiations should be strict.
D) your self-confidence may be the reason for refusal.
3) Having approached the river,
A) hurried to unsaddle the completely exhausted horses.
B) it became clear to them that crossing it would not be easy.
C) the village on the opposite bank became clearly visible.
D) they were overcome by despair because the bridge was destroyed.
- In a chess competition, the young master, meeting with the grandmaster, won a brilliant victory 1 . 2. The use of these expressions and phrases can be shown with illustrative examples, taking examples of fiction as illustrations 2 . 3. All presentation in the book is made extremely briefly, taking into account the student’s time budget 2 . 4. Science requires such advice that, if applied, would be beneficial in practical work 2 . 5. Having read the work a second time, I think that the main ideas are expressed correctly in it 3 . 6. Approaching the river, we stopped the horses, quickly jumped to the ground and, hastily undressed, rushed into the water 1 . 7. Using a slide rule makes calculations quick and easy 2 . 8. Having received a serious wound, the soldier was saved by his comrades 4. 9. Having quickly dressed and washed, the boy ran to school, but, having caught on something and tripped, he fell 5 .
Replace subordinate clauses with participial phrases and vice versa; if this cannot be done, indicate the reason for the impossibility of replacement.
- Since Gorky knew well the life and everyday life of tramps, he could vividly depict them in his works. 2. When we returned home, it was already dark 6 . 3. Evgeny Onegin made a strong impression on Tatiana, as he stood out sharply among the surrounding landowners. 4. After the students finished checking the dictation, the teacher took their notebooks 7 . 5. When Plyushkin untied all sorts of ties, he treated the guest to such dust that he sneezed 7 . 6. The old ferryman dozed, leaning over the oars 8 . 7. Kashtanka, unable to bear the music, moved restlessly in her chair and howled. 8. Customers walked past Kashtanka, pushing her with their feet, non-stop back and forth. 8 . 9. Without restoring his health, he will not be able to study seriously. 10. Having released the generals, Kutuzov sat for a long time, leaning on the table.
Reference .
1. Error in using the type of participle.
2. The participial phrase cannot be used if the action expressed by the predicate and the action expressed by the participle refer to different persons; For example: "Returning home, I was caught in the rain».
3. The participial phrase cannot be used in an impersonal sentence that has a logical subject, for example: “Approaching the forest, I felt cold.”
4. The participial phrase cannot be used if the sentence is expressed by a passive construction, because the producer of the action expressed by the predicate and the producer of the action expressed by the gerund do not coincide, for example: “Having gone up the Volga, the barge will be unloaded at the piers of Nizhny Novgorod».
5. A jumble of gerunds, creating a cacophony.
6. Substitution is not possible because the main sentence is impersonal.
7 Substitution is impossible because the main and subordinate clauses have different subjects.
8. Replacement is impossible because the gerund indicates a manner of action.
Preview:
Participle
The participle has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.
Verb features:
1. View - perfect and imperfect (wrote - wrote)
2. Time – present and past: sleeping-sleeping.
3. Return: rejoicing.
4. Pledge – active and passive.
Valid participles denote the attribute of the person or thing that itself performs the action:looking at, looking at.
Passive participles denote the attribute of the object to which the action is directed: considered, considered.
Adjective features:
- Indicates a sign of a person or object.
- It changes according to numbers, genders and cases.
- Passive participles have a full and a short form:purchased goods – goods purchased.
- Role in a sentence: full participles are only a definition, short participles are only part of a compound nominal predicate.
Formation of participles
Active present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense verb using suffixes–ushch, -yushch, -ashch, -yushch, Active past participles are formed from the stem of the past tense verb using suffixes - wsh, -sh.
Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense verb using suffixes -eat, -im, -om, -t, -nn, -yonn (bearing, stabbing, dozing, deciding, carrying, being decided, stored, carried, stabbed, read, decided).
Spelling НН and Н in participles and verbal adjectives.
In full participles and verbal adjectives NN is written :
1.If the word has a prefix(read, sown). Exception: sworn brother, smart child.
Note 1. The presence of the prefix does not affect the writing of verbal adjectives(unmown, untrodden).
Note2. The spelling of verbal adjectives also does not change as part of compound words:homespun, little worn)
2.If the participle has a dependent word:cobblestone roads.
3. Two N are written in prefixless participles formed from perfective verbs(abandoned, given, bought, decided, captured)
4. Adjectives of verbal origin in –ovannyy, -yovannyy are written with two Hs:risky step, spoiled child, pickled cucumbers. In words forged, chewedcombinations of OM and OB are included in the root composition.
Note. Wounded- noun;soldier wounded in the leg- participle with a dependent word;Being wounded, the soldier remained in service- a participle, although it has neither a prefix nor a dependent word, it retains its verbal meaning and is written with two N.
In short passive participles, unlike full participles, one N is written.
(Essay written)
A participle with dependent words forms a participial phrase.
Participial phrases
Correct the sentences, explain the mistakes.
1. He spoke about the order prevailing here before the revolution 1 . 2. The task we carry out does not cause any particular difficulties 2 . 3. The writer spoke about changes in the book he is preparing for republication 2. 4. In the near future, a new production will be shown, created by members of the drama club 2 . 5. Our regularly published wall newspaper provides interesting information about the life of the school community 2 . 6. Daredevils who attempt to climb to the top of this mountain in winter conditions will pay with their lives 3. 7. Students who write a weak homework essay will have to redo it 3 . 8. Each student who would like to participate in the work of a scientific circle must submit an application to the dean’s office 4 . 9. The lecture given to students on the peaceful use of atomic energy aroused great interest 5 . 10. A few days after the quarrel, Dubrovsky caught Troekurov’s peasants stealing firewood in their forests 6 .
Replace subordinate attributive clauses with participial phrases; if this cannot be done, indicate the reason for the impossibility of replacement.
1. Chelkash was pleased with his luck, with himself and with this guy, who was so scared of him and turned into his slave. 2. Grushnitsky is one of those people who have ready-made pompous phrases for all occasions 7 3. The author had to be present at the scene with the landowner Penochkin, which will remain in his memory for a long time 8 . 4. In the last house where the village ends, the light was still burning 9 . 5. We drove through a plain that was scorched by the sun and covered with dust. 6. Griboyedov in the comedy “Woe from Wit” touched on the same topic, which other classic writers later began to develop 7. 7. There wasn’t a single one among the books that didn’t interest me. 10 . 8. Metelitsa looked and suddenly recognized the black-headed boy as the same shepherd boy to whom he had left his horse yesterday 9 . 9. Ilya entered the yard with the important air of a man who had done a good job.
Reference.
1 Error in the use of participle tense
2 Forms of participles on-xia should, where possible, be replaced by passive forms: instead of "son raised by father> son raised by father. Sometimes such a replacement is necessary because the particle -sya has different meanings, including reflexive and passive, which can be mixed; for example, instead of “cows going to slaughter” you need... sent to slaughter.
3. The forms of participles ending in - are erroneous. shiy from perfective verbs (with the meaning of the future tense), since such a form of participle does not exist (“doer", "thinker" and so on.).
4. Irregular forms of participles with particles would, since verbs in the subjunctive mood do not form participles (“speech that would raise objections”, etc.).
5 The participial phrase must stand completely or after the noun being defined (book lying on the table), or in front of him (a book lying on the table), but should not be broken by the word being defined (“a book lying on the table").
6. Incorrect word order in a sentence with a separate participial phrase.
7. Substitution is not possible because the main clause contains a correlative word (a form of the demonstrative pronoun That )
8. Substitution is impossible because the predicate of the subordinate clause is expressed by a verb in the future tense.Participles have no future tense.
9. Replacement is not possible if the conjunctive word is in the instrumental or dative case (replacement is possible if the word is in the nominative or accusative case without a preposition)
10. Substitution is impossible because the predicate of the subordinate clause is expressed by a verb in the form of the subjunctive mood.Participles do not have a subjunctive mood.
Preview:
Pronoun
Pronoun - this is a part of speech that does not name a person, quality or quantity, but only indicates them.
Pronoun grades:
1.Personal: I, he, she, it, we, you, they.
2.Returnable: yourself.
3. Possessives:my, yours, yours, yours, yours.
4.Indicative: this, that, such, so much, such.
5.Undefined:someone, something, anyone, anyone, some, any,several, some, some, etc..
6.Negative: no one, none, not at all, nobody and etc.
7.Interrogative:Who? What? Which? whose? How many?
8. Relative - the same interrogatives, but used not in interrogative sentences, but to connect the main and subordinate clauses in a complex sentence:I don't know who came to you; We haven’t decided yet how many days we will stay in St. Petersburg; Tell me whose book this is.
9. Determinatives:himself, most, all, every, each, other, any, other and etc.
Pronouns her, him, them can be possessive:to their son, in her apartment, for his book.
Difficulties in forming forms and using pronouns.
1.Forms from her, from her, theirs- colloquial. The correct forms are from her, from her, them.
2. The sentence must be constructed in such a way that it is clear which word or words are being replaced by the pronoun: He read the note, crumpled it up and, lighting a cigarette, put it in his pocket -a note or a cigarette?
3. The pronoun "your" and "yourself" refer to the person performing the action. And the proposal should be built taking this into account.Petya loves his younger sister- not Petya’s sister, but someone else.
Spelling pronouns
- In negative pronouns, under stress it is written NOT, without stress - NI: Not no one to ask o don't ask .
- NOT and NI with pronouns are written together, separately - if there is a preposition (the preposition is placed between the particle and the pronoun):no one - no one, nothing - no need.
- TO particles, EITHER, ANYBODY and the prefix SOME with indefinite pronouns are written with a hyphen: someone, some, something.
- Combinations none other than; none other than; nothing more than; not that other as have the meaning of opposition, therefore they use the negative particle NOT, for example:The order was signed by none other than the director himself. The order was signed by the director and not anyone else.
Pronoun combinations no one else (other) and nothing else (other) are not associated with opposition and, as a rule, are used in sentences where there is negation, for example:No one else could do this.
These combinations are less common in sentences without negation, and are of an adjunctive nature, for example: The question can only be resolved by a specialist, and no one else.In these combinations, the particle NOT is used, which is written together with the pronoun.
Wed. The summons could be served on none other than the defendant personally. - The summons could not be served on anyone other than the defendant personally. This could be nothing more than a mistake. “This could not be anything other than a mistake.”
Tasks
Explain the nature of the error.
1.He never finished his autobiography.
2. Working on the novel takes him back to his childhood years.
3. I found my brother in my room.
Use of pronouns
Correct the sentences, explain the mistakes.
1. The boy is now an orphan: his father died when he was three years old 1 . 2. Behind him was a cart loaded with things. 2 . 3. The group passed all the tests and asked to be examined first 3 . 4. The hostess took the suitcase off the table and pushed it aside 1 . 5. When the holidays arrived, the students went to their relatives: they were looking forward to them with great impatience, hoping to have a good rest 1 . 6. The patient asked his sister to pour himself some water. 4 . 7. The artist’s first performance brought her great success, and much could be expected from her 5 . 8. The guide gave explanations to his listeners and asked them to write them down so that they could be printed later 1 .
Reference.
1. A pronoun usually replaces its closest antecedent noun. Violation of this provision leads to a distortion of meaning.
2. The initial n is added to personal pronouns of the 3rd person (he, she, it, they) if they come after simple prepositions(without, in, for, before, for, from, to, with, atetc.) and after some adverbial prepositions that control the genitive case(around, in front, near, past, opposite, about, in the middle, after, behind and etc.): without him, with her, around them, behind himetc. After prepositions of adverbial origin that control the dative case, the initial n not added:contrary to him, according to her, contrary to them, towards him, according to her, like himetc. Not added n also after a preposition thanks to and prepositional combinations consisting of a simple preposition and a noun:thanks to him, unlike her, in contrast to them, about them, on his part, in relation to her, except for themetc. After the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs, 3rd person pronouns are used without an initialn: his sister is older than him, he works better than her.
3. Collective noun (peasantry, students, groupetc.) cannot be replaced by a plural pronoun. You can't say: "The students left for the holidays; they will have a good rest during the summer.”In order not to create an inconvenient combination " it will rest,” follows the word students replace with a word students.
4. Reflexive pronouns yourself and your refer to the person performing the action. Therefore in sentences:The tenant asked the janitor to take the things to him; The professor invited the assistant to read his report- self pronoun meaning refers to a noun janitor, and his pronoun is the word assistant.
5. Forms are correct from her, from her (forms from her, from her are colloquial or outdated).
Preview:
Numeral
A numeral is a part of speech that denotes an abstract number, quantity or order of objects when counting and answers questions How many ? or which one? Which one? : seventy-five, three, sixth.
According to their composition, numerals are divided intosimple, complex and compound.
Simple consist of one root(six, forty, fifth, tenth)or from two roots, but on the condition that only the last part changes with declension (fifteen, thirty).
Complex consist of two roots, and both change with declension:fifty, two hundred, three hundred.
Composite consist of several words:seventy-eight, one hundred fifteen, two thousand and seven.
Nouns (three, ten, dozen, majority, minority, lot, part, row), pronouns( how many, as many, several)and adverbs with quantitative meaning
(little, a lot).
Depending on the meaning and morphological features, numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal.
Quantitative – (HOW HOW MUCH?): whole(twenty-one), fractional (seven hundredths), collective ( two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten).
Numeral one can be in the plural, but it retains its lexical meaning only if it is used with nouns that have only a plural:He only has onetrousers. We waited for one day. In other cases, it acts either as a restrictive particle:She eats only apples (only apples),or as an adverb:The children were left at home alone (unattended).
Declension of cardinal numbers
Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half and one and a half hundred have two case forms:
I., B - forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half, one and a half hundred
R., D., T., P. – forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half, one and a half hundred
In complex numerals all parts are declined:
AND. fifty, two hundred
R. fifty, two hundred
D. fifty, two hundred
V. fifty, two hundred
T. fifty, two hundred
P. about fifty, about two hundred
All words are declined in compound numerals: more than three hundred ninety-six meters
Ordinals
They indicate the order of objects when counting and answer the question WHICH? Ordinal numbers are very close to adjectives. Like adjectives, they can be an agreed modifier or part of a nominal compound predicate: He remembered well their first date- definition . He was the first who agreed to support me -is part of the predicate. In combinationadverbs can be a noun:This happened in the first month of their life together -circumstance of time.
In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word changes.
Difficulties in forming forms and using numerals
Not all nouns can be used with collective numerals. After them there may be:
1) nouns naming male persons:two brothers, four friends, three neighbors . Reminders from female persons are unacceptable: the following phrases are incorrect: three sisters, five friends; Right - three sisters, five friends.
2) nouns denoting people without indicating gender:three children, four strangers, two citizens;
3) inanimate nouns having only a plural form: two sleigh, three gates, four days. However, if the number is greater than four, you need to choose a different form:five pieces of scissors, six pieces of pitchforks;
4 ) personal pronouns: There were five of them;
5) names of baby animals:Our cat has three kittens.
After compound numerals ending in ONE, the noun is in singular form:twenty-one delegates elected.
The pronoun – numeral BOTH, in addition to the masculine and neuter forms, has a feminine form: yboth brothers, for both cases, with both sisters, to both students . Since nouns that are used only in the plural do not have a gender, with the words BOTH, BOTH cannot be used. You can't say:both sleighs or both sleighs; Right: on both sleds.
- When combining a numeral one and a half with a noun the definition is in the plural form:one and a half full glasses.
For compound numerals ending in two three four, the noun is used in the singular form:twenty-three young men
Spelling of numerals
The soft sign in the middle of the numerals is written from fifty to eighty and from five hundred to nine hundred:
(fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred).
TASKS
There are errors in the sentences; fix them:
1. The bolts were changed at both gates. 2. Four girls from our class are dancing. 3. Two hundred and fifty rubles were missing for a ticket to Odessa. 4. For the winter, the holiday home purchased thirty-four sleighs. 5. He has two nephews and three nieces. 6. I had to limit my expenses to five thousand two hundred rubles. 7. Pushkin was born in one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine.
A4. Find grammatical errors:
1) a lot of apples
2) in both books
3) with eight hundred rubles
4) lie down
A18. In which row is each word written with b?
10 p..esa, aphorism..m, throw..te
2) crown, inter..er, injection
3) thinner..more, eight..eleven, midnight..
4) nine..hundred, red..red, eight..measuring
Preview:
Noun.
The table shows masculine nouns, divided into groups according to the method of plural formation. Read the words out loud, make sure the emphasis is placed correctly, and try to remember.
Ending -A/-Z (percussion) | Ending I/-Y |
addresses | airport about mouths |
sides | bo and |
buffer | b o tsmany |
fans | Bull o'zery |
bills | in the elections |
gutters | in your dialects |
directors | dispatchers |
Doctors, inspectors | dogov o ry |
boats | engineers |
coachman | class |
domes | to about zyri |
masters | combine harvester |
numbers | constructors |
ham | Containers |
districts | l ectors |
islands | painter |
vacations | m and chmany |
passports | warehouses |
sail | see about three |
cooks | R ectors |
trains | t o mouths |
cellars | t about sty |
professors | trainers |
watchman | carpenter |
tower | fl about you |
poplars | spr and tsy |
volumes | Headquarters and headquarters |
farms | pcs at rmana |
anchors | shield s |
Variants of case endings for nouns.
1. Masculine nounsin the genitive casesingular except for the usual ending-AND I may end - U/-Y
in the following cases:
Real nouns when denoting measure, quantity:a glass of kefir, a cup of tea, a lump of sugar;
Real and abstract nouns when denoting an object to which the action applies partially:add sugar, eat soup. Have some tea. Catch up with fear;
Abstract nouns when denoting the degree of manifestation of a characteristic:little order, so much noise, no use;
In stable phrases:to no avail, left the forest, out of the house, face to face
2. Masculine nouns in the prepositional case singular (with the prepositions В, На) have the ending–U/-Yu when denoting a place, and when denoting an object, the usual ending-E: He made a lot of money from the garden. There were only apple trees in the garden.
3. Nouns have a plural formin the genitive case ending zero in the following cases:
Denoting paired objects (a pair of boots, felt boots, boots, stockings(but: socks);
In names of nationalities, if the stem of the word ends with N, R: English, Armenians, Bashkirs, Georgians, Gypsies;
In the names of the old branches of the military:group of hussars, cuirassiers, lancers; group of partisans, soldier.
For some units of measurement:five amps, watt, x-ray.
But the ending is OV: five hectares, liters, kilometers, centners, dollars.
Remember: several rails, kilogramoranges, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes.
4. Feminine nounsin the genitive caseThe following endings are possible:
Zero in the following cases:Barges, fables, songs, apple trees, domain, poker, roofs, shafts, nannies, rods, weddings, gossip, estates, herons, sheets (possibly sheets);
TO HER: fathoms, shares, pins, handfuls, candles.
5. Words that are used only in the plural have the following endings:
Zero e: leggings, bloomers, attacks, darkness, twilight, trousers.;
TO HER: rakes, stilts, everyday life, logs, mangers;
OV/-EV: jeans, shorts, frosts, rags, rags.
Tasks
1. Correct errors:
1) For this dish you will need a kilogram of tomatoes, rice and minced meat.
2) A pair of boots was irretrievably lost.
3) In Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard, minor characters play an important role.
4) It was difficult to walk on the hot sand without shoes.
5) Supply contracts, reprimands received, pyramidal poplars, invited trainers.
2.Complete the sentence:
1) You also need to put in your backpack boots, shoes, sneakers, wife’s boots, rubber boots, son’s boots, slippers, stockings, socks, daughter’s leggings, my shorts, jeans, bloomers. But there is no longer room in the backpack for………………………………………………………………..
2) For this exotic salad you need tangerines, oranges, apples, olives, tomatoes. You need to buy a kilogram……………………………………………………….
3) Georgians, Armenians, Bulgarians, Moldovans, Turks, Greeks, Ukrainians, and Uzbeks live in our area. I know the customs well……………………………………………………………….
4) He collected tin soldiers for many years. He had the old Russian hussars, cuirassiers, grenadiers, lancers and modern types of troops: tank crews, artillerymen, pilots, infantrymen, sappers. He gave his younger brother all his......
Tasks on the topic “Noun”
Words are divided according to the way they form the plural. In each group there is a word included by mistake, find it and explain your decision.
A) director, professor, rector, doctor, foreman, watchman, cook, coachman;
b) engineer, dispatcher, trainer, architect, accountant, carpenter, foreman;
c) paramedic, editor, instructor, designer, proofreader, turner, baker;
d) airport, elevator, syllable, cake, reprimand, container, dome, valve, toast;
e) spotlight, handwriting, sector, tractor, number, sweater, jumper;
e) bell, boat, tower, poplar, farm, toast, fan, cellar, bill, vol.
The words are grouped according to the method of forming the genitive plural. In each group there is a word included there by mistake, find it and explain your decision.
1) centner, pood, kilogram, kilometer, hectare, inch, watt;
2) barge, roof, estate, fable, candle, gossip, nanny, apple tree, blast furnace;
2) Englishman, Parisian, Odessa citizen, peasant, Armenian, Georgian. Bulgarian, gypsy;
3) soldier, partisan, hussar, cuirassier, artilleryman, dragoon, lancer, citizen.
Each sentence has a speech error, correct it.
1) For the second summer, a camp of nomadic gypsies stops near the city.
2) For this dish you will need a kilogram of tomatoes, rice and minced meat.
3) For dinner there was a regular plate of pasta.
6) Several pairs of stockings left unknitted by grandma always lay on this table.
7) As a result, a pair of boots was irretrievably lost;
9) A group of soldiers received the task of going behind enemy lines
10) It was difficult to walk on the hot sand without shoes;
11) There weren’t enough blankets for all the dacha guests.
Correct possible errors in sentences.
- Two pairs of socks and several pairs of stockings had to be thrown away.
- Luckily, two policemen were nearby.
- Two soldiers were sent to investigate.
- A thick black veil covered her face.
- No comments appeared on his speech, and not even his first and last name were mentioned.
Mark the cases when nouns in the genitive case can have the following endings:
Only –A/-Z | Only –U/-Yu | A/-Z or –U/-Yu as options |
Melting snow.. Try medical... Customs of the people... Lots of people.. Export tea.. Buy sugar.. Work without rest... Sorting tea... | Drink some tea.. Try the cheese.. A lot of snow.. I'm dying of hunger... Gunpowder reserves.. No smoke... no fire Presence of spirit.. Set the heat.. | Tea plantations.. Cost of sugar.. Sale of kvass.. Lots of people.. Made from wax.. I want juice... Don't give way... Drink fruit juice.. |
Correct possible errors related to determining the gender of nouns.
- Chile was discovered by Magellan in 1520.
- A large chimpanzee watched us sadly from behind the bars of the cage.
- Delhi is located in the northwestern part of the country.
- It's time for me to drink my cocoa.
- A new telephone exchange has been built in our area, so now we will have a telephone.
- Efremov's Moscow Art Theater is not at all similar to the one that was once cherished by Stanislavsky.
- The Congo was a French colony for a long time.
- The Ministry of Emergency Situations sent special teams to flood areas.
Tasks testing mastery of morphological norms.
- wonderful person
- barely having time
- without two fifths
- lie on the shore
- Give an example of an error in the formation of a word.
- by two thousand twenty-two
- several tomatoes
- completely cold
- the most important
- Give an example of an error in the formation of a word.
1) kilogram of apples
2) future elections
3) up to two thousand and two
4) among the gypsies
- Give an example of an error in the formation of a word.
- more necessary
- several hectares
- with four hundred rubles
- go home
5.Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form.
1) in two thousand and one
2) don't wave your arms
3) among Georgians
4) small transistors
1) with twenty-five rubles
2) no complaints
3) the worst thing
4) don’t put notebooks here
7. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form
1) five hundred paces
2) five kilograms
3) more beautiful
4) lie down on the mat
8. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form
1) in both bags
2) run
3) no comments
4) put it down
- Give an example of an error in forming a word
- Drink some tea
- Worst option
- Seven hundred and sixty-seven birds
- Kilogram of waffles
- Give an example of an error in forming a word
1) a pair of shoes
2) two pairs of socks
3) fifty-five years
4) a pair of stockings.
Preview:
Adjective
Which? Whose?
Adjective categories: qualitative, relative, possessive:
Qualitative adjectivesdenote signs that may be inherent in a person or object to a greater or lesser extent, many of them have a short form
(what?): hot summer (hotter), angry dog (angrier,) beautiful flower (beautiful);
- Relative adjectivesThey do not have degrees of comparison, denoting quality, but at the same time they contain an indication of the relationship of this quality to something else. This could be a relation:
To the material from which the item is made:iron ring(iron ring), silk dress(silk dress):
In place( station square, university library);
At the time( New Year's Eve bustle, yesterday's soup);
To the face ( Crib (baby cot);
To action ( preparatory courses, washing machine);
To the number (double price)…
- Possessive adjectivesindicate belonging to a person or animal and answer the question whose? They have very characteristic suffixes: -ov(-ev), -yn (- in), - and – th-:grandfather's house, mother's gift, squirrel tail, dog hair.
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives:
comparativeshows that a given object has some quality to a greater or lesser extent than others:
There are two forms of comparative degree:
Simple formcomparative degree is formedwith help
suffixes–EE (HEY) , -E, SHE (beautifulAndmore, louder, thinner) .
Complex shapethe comparative degree is formed using wordsmore and less(more successful and less successful works).
Superlativeindicates the greatest measure of a characteristic in one subject compared to all other homogeneous ones(Volga - longeishaya among the rivers of Europe).
Superlatives can be simple or complex.
Simple superlative formformed using suffixes- AISH(EYSH), -SH (bravest, greatest, lowest). Sometimes a prefix is added–NAI (the strictest).
Complex superlative formcan be formed in several ways:
- in wordsMOST, MOST, LEAST (the most talented, the most talented, the least talented);
- comparative adjectives and wordsEVERYONE or ALL: the most talented of all, the most talented of all.
Not all qualitative adjectives form degrees of comparison; in particular, those denoting the colors of animals do not have them (piebald, black) and in some words that name characteristics that appear only to an absolute degree:barefoot, dead, widowed.
Transition of adjectives from one category to another:
Transition of relative adjectives into qualitative ones:golden days.
Transition of possessive adjectives into qualitative ones:wasp waist - very thin. Transition of possessive adjectives into relative ones:fox hat, mink coat.
Transition of qualitative adjectives into relative ones: light industry, obtuse angle.
Conversion of other parts of speech into adjectives
Participles in adjectives:prickly, lucky, leading (specialist), defiant behavior- impudent,outstanding scientist- talented.
Less often used as adjectivesnumerals and pronouns: He was the firststudent in class(best student).I'm no speaker, I couldn't convince anyone
(unimportant, bad).
Errors in the use of adjectives:
-Adding to the simple comparative or superlative degree of the words more, less, most, most.(This winter will be even colder than last).
-It is unacceptable to use the short and full forms of adjectives as homogeneous members: You cannot say:He was gloomy and disappointed.
- When choosing between the short and full form of adjectives, it should be taken into account that the full form denotes an absolute attribute of a permanent nature, while the short form denotes a variable attribute, inherent only to a given person, object or characterizing them at a given moment:The girl is sick, weak - The girl is sick with the flu. She is always restrained and calm - Despite yesterday’s insult, today in her conversation with him she was restrained and calm.
Tasks
1. Determine the category of the adjective (qualitative, relative, possessive) in each of the phrases.
Silver spoon, silver hair, silver voice, silver feather grass.
Iron nail, iron nerves, iron man, railway, iron health, iron curtain.
Stone steps, stone heart, stone face, stone statue.
Cold day, cold look, cold welcome, cold tones, cold war, cold milk.
Icy mountain, icy wind, icy gaze, icy tone, icy heart.
Grandma's shawl, all these are grandma's tales, grandma's pies.
2.Read the text. Complete the tasks.
(1) Language is, undoubtedly, a form, a body, a shell of thought...
(2) From here it is clear that the richer the material, the forms for thought that I acquire for myself to express them, the happier I will be in life, the more understandable to myself and others... (3) It is clear that the more flexible, the richer The more diverse we acquire the language in which we prefer to think, the easier, the more diverse and the richer we will express our thoughts in it. (4) The great Pushkin, by his own admission... studied both the language and the spirit of the people from his nanny Arina Rodionovna. (5) The expression “learn a language” especially applies to us, educated Russians, because we, the upper class, are already quite disconnected from the people, that is, from the living language.
(F. Dostoevsky)
1) Find in the text and write down the adjective (adjectives) in the comparative degree.
2) Find in the text and write down the adjective that turned into a noun (substantivized adjective).
3) Find in the text and write down the superlative adjective(s).
3.Read the text. Complete the tasks.
(1) In life you must have your own service - service to some cause. (2) Let the matter be small: it will become big if you are faithful to it. (3) In life, the most valuable thing is kindness, and at the same time, smart, purposeful kindness. (4) Happiness is achieved by those who strive to make others happy and are able to forget about their interests and themselves, at least for a while. (5) Knowing this, remembering this always and following the paths of kindness is very, very important.
1) Find in the text and write down the superlative adjective(s).
2) Find in the text and write down a short adjective (adjectives).
3) In sentences 1-3, find and write down adjectives that act as definitions.
4.Correct possible errors in the sentences.
1. This will be the tallest building in Moscow. 2. He also had worse days. 3. This team is weaker than the Brazilian one. 4.Competition in the car market is becoming increasingly fierce. 5. We bought an almost new car and at the best price. 6. Shish kebab cooked over a fire is, of course, tastier than fried in a frying pan.7. Now our football team is united, persistent, purposeful, it is not surprising that they managed to defeat the strongest opponent - the Brazilians. 8. The day is even more autumn than yesterday. 9. He is deaf to all my requests. 10. Upon closer acquaintance, the strange old man with a beard turned out to be a very nice and very interesting conversationalist.
11. The novel is interesting in many respects. 12. The task is so difficult! 13. He was gloomy and disappointed. 14. No matter how calm she was, this time she couldn’t stand it and lost her temper. 15. His hands are golden, and he is always entrusted with the most difficult work.
TWO Nwritten in suffixes-ONN, ENN(commission, economic), as well as at the junction of the stem ending in H and the suffix –H- (equestrian, foggy).
One Nwritten in suffixes–IN (goose), -AN (-YAN) (leather, silver).
Exceptions:Wooden, tin, glass.
Note 1:Adjectivesyoung, green, crimson, ruddy, porky, windyare written with onen, (But:windless).
Note 2:With one or twoNNouns formed from corresponding adjectives (or nouns) are also written, for example:silversmith(master),piece of silver(coin),unmercenary(selfless, impractical person)oil worker, hotel, raspberry boy, birthday boy, nephew, relative, traveler, supporterand so on.
Note 3:Adjectives should be distinguishedoil(from oil, on oil, for oil), for example:oil stain, oil paint, oil pumpAndbuttery(lubricated, soaked, stained with oil), for example:butter pancake, butter porridge, oily hands;in a figurative sense:oily eyes;Also:Shrovetide (Maslenitsa- holiday) ;windy(day, person),wind(engine).
Write down, distributing words with an unstressed vowel at the root of the word into two columns, inserting the necessary letters instead of dots:
1-with a checked vowel 2-with an unchecked vowel
Please, region..ka, tr..kick, b..rdovy, zag..give, gl..detail, ..neatly..unite, ..rank..vy.
Write down the words by opening the brackets and inserting the necessary letters instead of the dots:
Sports..men, basketball..ri, parach..t, ryu..zak, v..gym, and..chase, draw(f, zh)at, serious..serious, (with ) left, (c) right.
Write down the grammatical bases of the sentences:
1.The village is decorated with a garden. 2. This boy took the album. 3. My brother sent me a wonderful gift by mail.
Underline the main parts of the sentence, put a sign between them, if necessary:
1. Andersen is a great Danish storyteller.
2.Gerda and Kai are the heroes of his fairy tale.
3.Gerda is a brave and kind girl.
4.She saved Kai from the evil spell of the Snow Queen.
Extend the offer with an addendum.
1 . Autumn surprises us...
2.The old pond is covered...
3.A delicate smell emanated...
Parse proposals by members.
1.I was returning to the village.
2. The path ran along a clearing in a pine forest.
3. In a clearing near the edge of the forest, I saw blue flowers.
Preview:
Verb
Verbis a part of speech that answers questionsWhat to do? What to do?,denotes a process, action or state of a person, object. The initial form of the verb is the indefinite form, or infinitive, indicators of the infinitive - endings -Th, -ty, -whose.
Verbs have one of the following types:perfect or imperfect.
Verbsperfect form, answering the questionwhat to do, denote a completed action that has a result:draw, write.
Verbsimperfect form, answering the questionwhat to do, denote a process, a regularly repeated or usual action:draw, write.
Transitive and intransitive verbs.
A transitive verb is followed by a direct object, that is, a noun in the accusative case without a preposition:love your sister, read a book.
In two cases the complement can be expressed in the genitive case:
- in case of negation:I couldn't find a dictionary in the store;
- if the action passes not to the entire object, but to part of it:drink kvass, eat soup, add sugar.
Reflexive verbs.
Reflexive verbs include verbs that have a postfix -SIA, -S.
All reflexive verbs are intransitive and often denote an action performed by the producer himself and aimed at him:wash, bathe.In addition, they can mean:
- mutually directed action performed by several subjects (meet, hug);
-action as a constant property of the subject(dogbites, nettle stings);
- change in physical or mental state(rejoice, hurry up, stop).
Impersonal verbs.
With them it is impossible to use the subject. Usually this is a state of nature, man:It was getting dark, I wasn’t feeling well, I was in trouble. It's dawning early now.
Many personal verbs can have an impersonal meaning: All roads were skidded and covered with snow.
Impersonal verbs can be formed from some personal verbs using the postfix –sya:Now he could breathe easily and freely.
Conjugation of verbs
Changing verbs according to persons and numbers is called conjugation.
If the endings of the verb are stressed, distinguishing between the first and second conjugations is not difficult: the conjugation is determined by the endings, which are written as they are heard.
Verbsfirst conjugationhave the following endings:-u(-y), -eat(-eat),-et(-eat),-eat(-eat),-eat(-eat), -ut(-eat).
Verbssecond conjugationhave the following endings:-u(-yu), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at(-yat).
If a verb has an unstressed ending, its conjugation can be determined by the infinitive. Namely:
Second conjugation: all verbs ending in –it (except shaving, laying), as well as verbshear, breathe, hold, drive, turn, see, hate, depend, offend, watch, endure.
First conjugation: shave, layand all other verbs that did not fall into the second conjugation(prick - prick, wash - wash andetc.)
Note: it is necessary to distinguish between the similar-sounding endings of verbs of the future tense - ete and the imperative mood - ite, for example:exit - exit, choose - choose. For example:When you go outside, you will see for yourself how cold it is. - Leave the room and close the door.
The imperative mood expresses the urge to action,formed using the suffix -AND(comingAnd, putAnd, take a lookAnd), particleslet him, let him, wordsLet's,Let's:Let him call. Let them come early. Let's buy it. Let'sLet's call.
Some verbs form the imperative mood in an unusual way: drive – go, lie down, lie down, eat, eat) . A number of verbs exhibit alternation:run - run, look - look, put - put, smear - smear, cut - cut.
Some verbs do not form the imperative mood at all:want, be able, hear, see, feel ill, depend, etc.
Subjunctive (conditional) mooddenotes an action that is possible only under some condition, formed by adding a particle BY(B) to the past tense verb form:He would go to the dacha and get some fresh air.
The indicative mood names an action as a real fact that is happening now, happened in the past or will happen in the future. In this mood, verbs change tenses, unlike the imperative and subjunctive moods:The monotonous sound of the sea spoke of peace, of the eternal sleep that awaits us.
Imperfective verbs produce three tense forms: present, past and future complex tenses.
Only two forms of tense are formed from perfective verbs - past and future simple.
Past tense verbs change according to number and gender. Past tense forms are formed using the suffix -L-: bought, bought, bought, bought.
The use of the letter b in verb forms
The letter b is written:
1) in the infinitive form of the verb (
2) in the endings of the second person singular of the present or future tense (bathe - bathe, take care - take care); wash - wash, return - return);
3) in the imperative mood after consonants, except for the forms lie down, lie down (multiply - multiply, handle - handle);
4) in a reflexive particle (suffix) standing after a vowel sound (bend over, hide, leave).
Verb suffixes
1.Write in the indefinite form and in the past tense-OVA, - EVA,if the first person singular ends in –YUYU(-YUYU)(I’m in charge - in charge, in charge, spending the night - spending the night, spending the night)
If the verb ends in unstressed words - YVAYU, - IVAYU, then the same suffix is retained in the indefinite form and in the past tense, for example:put off - put off, put off.
2. Verbs ending in stressed words – vat, -vayu, have the same vowel before the suffix – vat as in the indefinite form without this suffix, for example:hallAndth - hallAndpour, fill, overcomeet-odoleovercome, overcomeevayu.
Exception:extend – extend, extendand some others.
Spelling NOT with verbs
1. Negation not with verbs is written separately: I wasn’t, I don’t need to, I don’t know...
Note1: It is written together with non-verbs that are withoutNotnot used:to be indignant, perplexed, dislike, something is not well today, but in accordance with the general rule: it won’t be good.
Note 2. The verb to grab in any meaning is written separately from NOT:The puppy no longer grabs his owner's pants; The book is missing two pages.
The spelling differs. Do not reach in the meaning “not to reach”(can't reachchandeliers) and lack in the meaning of “to be in insufficient quantity”, “to be needed” (lacked patience; two fingers are missing on the hand; that's all that was missing).
2. Verbs are written together with the compound prefix NEDO-, which gives the verb the meaning of incompleteness, lack of action:underfulfill, undersalt, undercook the soup, underestimate abilities, undersleep, undereat, overlook, underhear.
Note: It is necessary to distinguish between verbs with the prefix NEDO -, indicating thatOthe action was performed below the norm, and identical sounding verbs with the prefixbefore-, which are preceded by the negation NOT, indicating that the action was not completed, cf.:neglect the child (make an omission during supervision) –don't finish watching the plays(don't stop watching); is constantly malnourished - the child does not finish his soup at lunch; Alwaysunderpaid - never paid extra. As a general rule, it is written separately not with verbs that have the prefixbefore-,For example:not to reach, not to finish, not to finish, not agreed on anything, not to finish something.
USING VERB FORMS
Correct the sentences, explain the mistakes.
1. Sunflower seeds are crushed, kneaded and washed with cold water to remove impurities.
2. We must help young people grow and demonstrate their abilities.
3. Do not damage the furniture by placing a hot kettle on the table.
4. It is necessary to focus on the most important issues. 5. Where did you hear about this? 6. If this continues, I will find myself in a difficult situation. 7. On the advice of a doctor, the patient gargles with a solution of baking soda. 8. Don't wave your arms so much. 9. A flower dried in a vase without water.
Reference.
1. Some forms of verbs in -sya have a double meaning - passive and reflexive, which sometimes creates ambiguity of meaning. For example:Young specialists are sent to new buildings(are they being directed themselves or are they being directed?). In these cases, instead of the passive form, it is better to use another (young specialists are sent).
2. Mixing verb types.
3. The following forms of the imperative mood are considered literary:stick out, put out, straighten, pour out, clean, don’t spoil, don’t writhe, don’t wrinkle, notify, feast on, cork, uncork; look, go out, don't steal, put it down.
4. The following forms of imperfective verbs formed using suffixes are recommended:-yva-, -iva- from perfective verbs with an accented vowel o at the root:affected - to touch, to master, to challenge, to assimilate, to calm, to build up, to double, to honor(in these forms o alternates with o);disgrace, condition, sum up, legitimize, defame, time, authorize(the vowel o is retained).
5. In pairssee - see, hear - hear, torment - torment, climb - climbthe first verbs are bookish, the second are colloquial.
6. In the literary language, the 1st person singular forms of the present or future simple tense of verbs are not usedwin, convince, find yourself, wonderand some others.
Missing forms are expressed descriptively (I can find myself, I can convinceand so on.).
7. Forms are recommendedrinses, splashes, waves, sways, calls, clucks, purrs, meows, sprinkles, nibbles (and not: rinses, splashes, waves, sways, clicks, cackles, purrs, meows, sprinkles, pinches- colloquial and colloquial forms).
Parallel forms with semantic differences are possible:splash - splashmeans “sprinkle, sprinkle” (splashes water, splashes laundry);splash - splashmeans “to splash drops, sprinkle with splashes” (dirt splashes, sparks splash, splashes with saliva)Move - movemeans “to move, push or drag something” (moves furniture);move - movey has a figurative meaning of “to encourage, to lead” (it is driven by a feeling of compassion); the train is moving means “set in motion”; the train is moving means “is in motion.”Drip - dripsmeans “to fall in drops, pour drop by drop” (medicine is dripping into a glass, sweat is dripping from the forehead);drip - dropt means “to leak” (roof drips). It spawns, it throws thunder and lightning, but it throws loops and seams.
8. The following forms for the past tense of unprefixed verbs with the suffix -nu-, denoting a gradual intensification of a long-term state, are more common in living language:dry, sour, wet, stalled, wheezing, wasted, etc. (and not: dried up, sour, wet, stalled, wastedetc.).
Preview:
Pretext
Prepositions- these are function words with the help of which subordinating relations in a phrase are formalized.
According to their structure, prepositions are divided into the following groups:
Simple,consisting of one word:from, by, about, in, thanks to, byand etc.
Complex: because of, from under, over,and etc.
Composite, consisting of several words and formed by combining a preposition with a significant part of speech:during, despite, since, etc.
The most common prepositions are primitive; these are prepositions that, by origin, are not associated with any significant words found in the language:without, to, with, from, at, to, in, on, etc..
In addition to them, the Russian language has many derived prepositions that originated from adverbs, nouns and gerunds at a later time.
Spelling prepositions
Complex prepositionsbecause of, from under, for, over, etc.. written with a hyphen, for example:from behind the house, from under the bed, over the seashore.
Integrated and separate writing of prepositions
and prepositional combinations.
1.Prepositionsin view of, instead of, like, as a result of, like, about, in additionwritten together, for example:in view of the upcoming departure (but a combination of the preposition: in mind of the city, to have in mind), like a lever (but: in the Tolstoy way), due to illness (but: to be involved in the investigation), like scissors, about documents.
2.Prepositionsin the form of, in connection with, in continuation of, during, in conclusionare written separately (the last three words in the meaning of time have an e at the end), for example:as an exception, in connection with the appointment, throughout the year (but: new characters in the continuation of the novel), throughout the entire road (but: bends in the river), at the conclusion of the report (but: conclusions in the expert opinion).
Using prepositions
1.Prepositionsin view of, because of, as a consequenceused withgenitive case.
2. Predlogsthanks, according to, despite, towards, similarly, in defianceused withdative case.: thanks to the help of friends, according to the order of the rector, against my wishes, against the wind, like a cannon shot, against the wishes of my relatives.
3. With a pretextBynouns after feeling verbs(grieve, yearn, cry, missetc.) are used indative case: homesick, missing brother.
Personal pronounsin this case they stand atprepositional case: miss you, cries for us.
A serious speech error is the replacement of a prepositionByin these phrases the prepositionbehindwith the instrumental case:miss you, miss you.
4.PrepositionByWithprepositional caseused in temporary constructions denoting “after something:upon presentation of your passport, upon arrival at the airport, upon return to your homeland.
5. The correct choice of case and preposition is important for constructing sentences. Sometimes, instead of prepositional constructions, prepositional combinations are incorrectly used:"clarification of mistakes made"(instead of:explanation of mistakes made), “electricity use indicators”(instead of:usage rates...), "operate with accurate facts"(instead of:operate with precise facts) and so on.
6. Some prepositional combinations that were formed relatively recently (the so-called new prepositions -in action, along the line, in part, at the expense ofetc.), when used inappropriately, give the speech a clerical character:in terms of meeting the needs of young people, in the study of literary works, through the trade union organization, etc.
7. When choosing a preposition, you should take into account its inherent shades of meaning. Thus, synonymous prepositions are used to express cause-and-effect relationshipsin view of, as a result of, due to, in connection with, due to, thanks toetc. However, it should be saidin view of the upcoming departure,but not "due to upcoming departure"(the departure has not yet taken place and has no consequences yet); on the other hand, it must be saiddue to the recent rains,but not "due to the recent rains"(the phenomenon refers to the past).
The preposition has not lost its lexical meaning eitherthanks to.It is usually used when talking about the causes that cause a desired result:thanks to the measures taken, thanks to the help of a friend, etc. Therefore, turns with this pretext in combination with something negative should be considered unsuccessful: Great losses were incurred due to the fire.
8. Prepositionsin - onand their antonymsfrom - fromcan be used synonymously:go on a train - by train, return from the kitchen - from the kitchen.
PretextV, used to express spatial meanings, denotes direction into something (with the accusative case) or being inside something (with the prepositional case); pretextonrespectively, denotes direction towards the surface or being on the surface; pretextfrommeans “from within”, and the prepositionWith- meaning “from the surface”. Wed:in the table, on the table, from the table, from the table.
If we are talking about any territory that seems to be a limited space, then the preposition is usedV: be in the field; if there is no thought about limitation, the preposition is usedon: be on the field. Wed: in the yard (space surrounded by a fence or houses) - in the yard (outside the house: it’s cold in the yard today).
The preposition is used with the names of cities, districts, regions, republics, countries, statesV.- VTula, in the Kirovsky district, in. Moscow region, Uzbekistan, Indiaetc. Combinationin Ukrainearose under the influence of the Ukrainian language (cf.: in the Poltava region, in the Chernihiv region) and is supported by the expressionon the outskirts.
With the names of mountains the preposition is used:in Altai, in the Caucasus(meaning mountainous terrain without sharply defined boundaries). But:in Crimea(a strictly limited territory, including both mountains and steppe space).
When naming enterprises, the preposition is usedat: at the plant, at the factory, at the post office, at the telegraph office.
The names of educational institutions use the prepositionin: at the institute, at the technical school, at school;when naming parts of an educational institution - a prepositiononat the Faculty of Philology, third year(But:in the classroom, in third grade- under the influence of the idea of an enclosed space for classes).
When naming entertainment enterprises, the following usage has been established:in the theater, in the cinema, in the circus, but: at a concert, at an opera, at a performance, at a session.
When naming vehicles, the following options are possible:on the train - by train, on the tram - by tram, in the metro - by metro(the preposition na has a more general meaning)
To indicate the opposite direction, I use a prepositionVmatches the prepositionfrom, pretexton-. pretextWith: went to Ukraine - returned from Ukraine, went to Moscow - returned from Moscow.
Correct the mistakes
1.According to your wishes, we have made room for you upstairs.
2. Zhozhd, contrary to his grandmother’s prediction, never went.
3. He did everything against the wishes of his family.
4. A foreign passport has to be changed after its expiration date.
5. I informed management about everything immediately after signing the contract.
6. Selling toys was boring, and she also left the store.
7.The police moved in front of the column of demonstrators.
8. According to the director’s order, smoking is prohibited in our office.
9.She looked after the departing train for a long time.
10. We have been saving money for an apartment for a long time, but thanks to rising housing prices, its purchase is still being postponed.
11.This student from Moldova is very talented.
12. Go to your grandmother in the summer, she misses you very much.
13. When we left the theater after the performance, there was a real thunderstorm.
14. Thanks to heavy rains, the road was completely washed out.
15. According to your order, the company was formed for review.
16. Because of his persistence and hard work, he will be able to achieve a lot.
17. Veterans of war and labor were present at the concert.
18. Upon completion of my studies, I will definitely return to my native village.
19. Having finished the tour, the circus returned from Crimea.
20. Tickets can be purchased at the bus station ticket office upon arrival of the bus.
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Unions
Union– this is a service part of speech, with the help of which the connection is formed between individual words within a simple sentence, between parts of a complex sentence, as well as between independent sentences in the text.
All unions are divided into two groups:
Coordinating and subordinating clauses
Coordinating conjunctions:
A) connecting, expressing enumeration relations:and, yes, neither...nor, too, also;
b)dividing,connecting mutually exclusive concepts:or, either, then...that, not that...not that;
V)adversative, expressing opposition:but, but, however.
Subordinating conjunctionsthey attach a subordinate clause to the main clause in a complex, expressing all sorts of semantic relationships between them. Depending on these meanings, unions differ:
- temporary:when, while, as long as, as, after, until, as soon as, only, only.
- comparative: as if, as if, exactly, as if, what;
- target:so that, in order; in order to; then to;
- concessional: although; although, despite the fact that;
- conditions: if, if...then; once upon a time;
- explanatory: what, as if, so as not;
- causal:because, since, for;
- consequences:so, as a result of which.
From a structural point of view, unions are divided into the following groups:
- simple,consisting of one word:and, but, although, so that, that, etc.
- composite, which includes several words:because, after, in view of the fact that...
Unions can besingle: and, what if, etc.;repetitive: no no,then... then; double: if, then; both... and; how much...how much; not only but; not so much..., but; although... but.
Particles
Particles- these are function words that form some grammatical forms or give various additional shades to words, parts of a sentence or an entire statement:On the shores of those who have fallen asleeponlya slight sound is heard from the wind.
According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into three categories:formative, negative and modal.
Shaping particlesserve to form grammatical forms. Their number is small. Particlewouldserves to form the subjunctive mood:Everything would be fine if youI had enough patience. ParticlesYes, come on, come on, let him, let himare used to form special forms of the imperative mood:Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear! Let's help him. Let him write a statement.
Negative particles- these are particlesNotAndnot, not at all, not at all, far from: the sky is clear. You're not the only one with us.
Modal particlesThey introduce additional semantic nuances into the sentence and express the feelings and thoughts of the speaker. They have different meanings:
-interrogatives -really, really, really: Isn't itdo you know him?
- index fingers- here, there: Hereour old house.
- restrictive –only, only, almost, exclusively, just - completely, at least: HeTotal– justpetty official.
-expressing clarification –: Moneyjust
- exclamation marks –: Where elseShould I cope with this task?
- expressing doubts -exactly, just, exactly, almost, almost: Moneyjustenough for all planned purchases.
- exclamation marks –what the, how, well, where, where, well : Where elseI can handle it!
- expressing doubts -hardly, hardly: Hardlyhe will agree to our proposal.
- amplifiers –same, even, after all, everything, after all, and, also, directly, simply: And whensamewill you come?
Preview:
Adverb
Adverb- this is a part of speech that includes unchangeable words denoting signs of an action, state, other characteristic, person or object.
Most often, adverbs are adjacent to verbs, denoting a sign of action and acting in a sentence as circumstances: place, time, reason, purpose, image or method of action:settled nearby, got up early, agreed rashly, did it on purpose, came on foot.
When denoting a characteristic of another characteristic, adverbs enter into combinations with adjectives, participles, and adverbs:absolutely alien, vehemently objecting, very hot. In a sentence they are adverbs of measure and degree.
Less commonly, adverbs denote a characteristic of a person or object, acting with the main noun word as an inconsistent definition:reading aloud, separation forever, in the apartment across the street.
Being unchangeable words, adverbs do not express any grammatical meanings and do not have grammatical features. When combined with other words, adverbs are combined with them according to typeadjacencies.
Adverbs with suffix –Oformed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison similar to those of these adjectives. And just like adjectives,degrees of comparison can be simple or complex.
Simple comparative degreeformed using suffixes– her, -ey, -she, -e.Moreover, some adverbs have variable comparative forms:far - further, further; early - earlier, earlier; late - later, later; loud - louder, long - longer.
Complex comparative degreeformed using an auxiliary wordmore, which is combined with the original form of the adverb:in more detail, more carefully.
Simple superlativeformed, like qualitative adjectives, with the help of suffixes -eish, -aysh: I humbly ask you to explain it in more detail.
Complex superlativeformed by a combination of wordsmostwith the original form of an adverb or combination of wordseveryone, everythingwith its simple comparative form:writes most interestingly, most interestingly, most interestingly, runs fastest, shines brightest, loved most in the world.
A special group is usually divided into the so-calledpronominal adverbs, which do not name the signs, but only point to them, which brings them closer to pronouns:why, why, therefore, therefore, where, whither, whence, how, then, when and all derivatives from them.
Spelling adverbs
Vowels at the end of adverbs
Adverbs with prefixes in-, for-, on-, formed from short adjectives, have a letter at the endO(left, before dark, tightly); adverbs of the same origin with the prefixes do-, from-, s- have a letter at the endA(red-hot, ancient, right).
Adverbs of hissing
Onat the end of adverbs after sibilants a letter is writtenb,For example:wide open, backwards, backhand.
Exceptions:already, married, unbearable.
Negative adverbs
In negative adverbs it is written under stressNOT, without accent –NI(in both cases the spelling is continuous), for example:no time to rest - never got sick.
Hyphenated spelling of adverbs
Written with a hyphen
Adverbs with prefixBy-,formed from full adjectives and pronouns ending in – omu, -him, -ski, -tski, -yi | Adverbs with prefixin-, in-,formed from ordinal numbers | Adverbs with suffixes -that, -either, -something, with the prefix some-, a particle, after all. | Adverbs formed by repetition of the same word or the same stem, as well as a combination of two synonymous or related words. |
Work in a new way Do it your way Speak German, Po - fox. | Firstly Secondly, Thirdly, fourthly, fifthly, lastly. | Somewhere, sometime, somewhere, somehow, after all. | A little, barely, after all, firmly, firmly, little by little, unexpectedly, unexpectedly, I'll say hello, not today or tomorrow, also a technical term for on-mountain. |
Continuous writing of adverbs
They write together
Adverbs formed by combining prepositions-prefixes with adverbs | Adverbs formed by conjunction prepositional prefixesVAndonwith collective numerals | Adverbs formed by combining prepositions-prefixes with short adjectives | Adverbs formed by combining prepositions-prefixes with full adjectives and pronouns | Adverbs containing such nouns or such nominal forms that in modern not used in literary language | Adverbs, if between a prefix and the nouns from which the adverb is formed. A definition cannot be inserted without changing the meaning (adj., numeral, place.) or if a case question cannot be posed to a noun. | Adverbs with spatial and temporal meaning, containing the nouns top, bottom, before, back, height, distance, depth, width, beginning, end, century. |
Until now, absolutely. Forever, the day after tomorrow | Twice, two (but: two by two) | To the right, easily, completely, to the full, occasionally, again, for a long time, in vain, nearby. in short | Scattered, manually, blindly, at random, in the dark, close. draw | Enough, locked up, soft-boiled, quietly, completely, from the inside, on the ground, obliquely, hastily, on an empty stomach, at random, in reality, by chance, out of place, at a distance, across, in half. Afternoon, behind, outside, early, sleepy, too much. | In addition, together, instantly, again, around after, right up to on time, subsequently, half, really, contrary, quickly, out loud. Married, towards, out of spite, inside out, the day before, on the face, vice versa, flatly, half-heartedly, finally, for rent, along with, by force, at random, involuntarily, from the side, immediately. Note: written separately: as a mockery, in installments, as a curiosity. | Up, up, up, down, down, down, down, up, forward, back, up, away, in the distance, in depth, in breadth, in the beginning, at first., completely, finally, forever, forever, forever, forever,... These words are written separately only if there are explanatory words for the specified nouns in the sentence itself or according to the meaning of the context: Into the depths of centuries, into the foggy distance, forever and ever, |
Separate writing of adverbs
Written separately
Adverbial expressions consisting of two nouns with a preposition, as well as combinations of two identical nouns in an intensifying meaning, one of which is in the nominative case, and the other in the instrumental case. | Combinations of nouns with prepositions that have an adverbial meaningwithout, on, with, inAndonfor plural nouns. | Combinations of nouns with various prepositions, if the noun in a certain meaning has retained at least some case forms. | Preposition combinationsVwith nouns starting with a vowel. |
Side by side, eye to eye, one on one, honor honor, eccentric is eccentric. | Indiscriminately, without asking, To no avail, without tiredness, Until failure, until I drop, on the run, in sight, on the fly, at a gallop, on the move, by taste, by eye, to confuse, with the knowledge, to match, on the sly, in the heads, in the feet. | Abroad, abroad, At home, at home, for memory, from memory, on hand, not from hand, in mockery, with ridicule, under the arms, under the arms, on tiptoe, on tiptoe. | In exchange, point blank,(Alsodownhilletc. - with prepositions ending in a consonant). |
Tasks
356 . In which row?all words are writtenhyphenated?
1) give (to) the mountain, try (at) everything, (barely) barely literate, (c) fifth, again (still)
2) talk (in) our own way, (in) fifth grade, (apparently, as (as if), be (in) your way
3) glue (a cross) crosswise, walk (alone) all (after all), (in total) just three years, somewhere (somewhere)
4) when (then), understand (according to) Latin, (secondly), (for) two, (according to) your instructions
357. In which row?all adverbs are writtentogether?
1) (for) distillation, (for) meeting, (for) rental, (for) century
2) (before) I fall, (in) hearts, (from) shoulders, (at) distance
3) (on) watch, (in) crumpled, (to) dry, (in) alone
4) (for) tomorrow, (for) guessing, (without) silence, (in) hand-to-hand combat
358. In what row are all adverbs written?apart?
1) (to) death, (to) daring, (to) release, (to) eye
2) (for) two, (for) by heart, (for) rare, (for) leaked
3) (with) evil, (without) sense, (with) raid, (on) conscience
4) (at) gallop, (at) half, (in) secret, (in) girth
359. In what row are all adverbs written?together?
1) (in) white, (until) half dead, (with) hunger, (at) noon
2) (to) show, (to) ford, (behind) husband, (to) climb
3) (at) half a turn, (at) the beginning, (at) sideways, (at) luck
4) (at) the end, (in) surprise, (in) general, (in) far
360. In which sentence are all the wordsWithNotare writtenapart?
1) A (not) large bird looks into the still (not) open windows and (not) hastily walks along the cornice.
2) (Not) deep, but painful abrasions and scratches caused anxiety, so (I didn’t) want to think about the (un) completed construction.
3) The son (not) looked at his father like a child and, (not) letting him finish, ran out into the still (not) lit courtyard.
4) The visitors were (not) pretentious: they (didn’t) care at all that the territory was (not) landscaped yet, the facades (not) painted.
361. In which sentence are all words withNotare writtenapart?
1) During the exam, it was necessary to translate texts (without) looking in the dictionary, which made everyone (not) a little worried.
2) He (not) admitted that he was justly punished for an (un)justified act.
3) (Not) despite the rain (not) stopping for the third day, we (not) began to change our route.
4) The (not) clean air, the (not) gentle sea, the (not) cheerful company forced us to extend our vacation: we became interested in a completely (not) funny business - spearfishing.
362. In which sentence are all words withNotare writtentogether?
1) The witness (did not) finish the main story, dwelling on absolutely (not) important details that (not) concern the investigator.
2) Health problems (not) resolved in time, for which there is always (not) enough time, will subsequently bring (not) little trouble.
3) An (un)replaceable employee at the enterprise made a completely (un)expected decision, which was regarded as a (not) stupid joke.
4) Incomparable beauty was revealed to the eyes of travelers who approached the top along still (un)trodden paths.
363. In which sentence are all words withNotare writtentogether?
1) (More than) times I recalled an incident when an (accidentally) spoken word made us (not) friends.
2) What we had hitherto (not) seen and (not) heard appeared in his (not) invented stories as a land of (not) earthly wonders.
3) Dasha studied (not) poorly, she (didn’t) care about mathematics: she (didn’t) (have enough patience to build chains of endless examples.
4) For reasons (not) dependent on him, the brother (not) had been in his native place for many years, so with (not) hidden passion he was looking for the former features in the (not) recognizable appearance of the city.
365. In which sentence are all words withNotare writtenapart?
1) The boats descend into a (not) large, but capricious puddle, forcefully enter (not) pliable thickets, where the (un) habitual eye will not even (not) notice the exit from the swamp-grass captivity.
2) The fog has (not) completely cleared yet, the village (not) visible where the shepherd boy is leading me through a field (not) dry after the rains.
3) If a person is (not) happy, then he is to blame and is obliged to work on himself until he (does not) eliminate this (in)convenience or (in)understanding.
4) A never-before-seen sight appeared to me that night: our entire clearing sparkled with lights from fireflies; even the dog decided to bark at this (un)seen world.
5. On this day, the commission examined twenty-three students.
Task 4. Find errors in the use of pronouns. Correct the sentences.
1. The boy is now an orphan; his father died when he was three years old.
2. Behind him was a cart loaded with things.
3. The group passed all the tests and asked to be examined first.
4. The hostess took the suitcase off the table and pushed it aside.
Syntactic norms.
Task 5. Indicate errors associated with violation of the order of words in a sentence, correct them.
1.The walls are decorated with posters and flags.
2. Staff turnover gives rise to inattentive attitude of the administration.
3. The issue of preparation for the elections of the Central Election Commission was discussed.
4. An instructor came to the area to train specialists in pest control from local residents.
5. Poems use references to inanimate objects in order to increase their expressiveness and emotionality.
6. Ivanov refused to take all the students for the winter session.
7. Kutuzov, as L. Tolstoy showed, while on the battlefield, was most concerned about maintaining the morale of the soldiers.
8. A maid came in with a starched headdress.
9. The newspaper called this decree a bitter pill for supporters of “shock therapy” that must be swallowed.
Punctuation norms.
Task 6. Place punctuation marks in the text.
Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, a wonderful Russian doctor and scientist, was popularly called the “Wonderful Doctor.”
born in Moscow. The son of poor parents, the grandson of a serf peasant, he learned of need early. Due to poverty, he had to leave his studies at a private boarding school, but chance helped him. A famous Moscow doctor and university professor often visited the Pirogovs. The unusual interest of Nikolai, who closely followed every word and movement of the doctor at the bedside of his sick brother, did not escape his gaze.
Mukhin sent his fourteen-year-old teenager to take an exam at the medical faculty of Moscow University. Nikolai passed the entrance exams along with everyone else.
Pirogov graduated from the university with flying colors. To prepare for his professorship, he went to Yuryev (now Tartu), a small city in Estonia. At the surgical clinic of the Pirogov University, a young man of twenty-two years old performed his first scientific research, which showed him to be a talented scientist.
Four years have passed. He is a young scientist who has already surpassed his peers so much in his breadth of knowledge and brilliant operating techniques that he was able to become a professor at Yuryev University at the age of 26.
The greatest specialist in the field of medicine also left behind many works on pedagogical issues.
Functional speech styles.
Task 7.
A) “The king had a pool in the palace, an octagonal, cool pool made of white marble. Dark green malachite steps descended to its bottom. A veneer of Egyptian jasper, soft white with pink, barely noticeable veins, served as its frame. The best ebony was used to decorate the walls. Four lion heads made of pink sardonyx spewed thin streams of water into the pool. Eight polished silver mirrors of excellent Sidonian workmanship, the height of a man, were embedded in the walls between light white columns...”
B) In the first three sentences, subordinate clauses are used, since they denote actions that, firstly, follow the action mentioned in the main one; secondly, the action of the main sentence is simultaneous with the time; thirdly, they precede the action of the main sentence. The last sentences are with subordinate conditions, which indicate the conditions without which the action indicated in the main sentence is impossible.
C) “The next day she began to carry out her plan, sent to buy thick linen, blue Chinese clothes and copper buttons at the market, with Nastya’s help she cut herself a shirt and a sundress, set the whole girl’s room to sewing, and by evening everything was ready. Lisa tried on the new look and admitted in front of the mirror that she had never seemed so cute to herself. She repeated her role, bowed low as she walked and then shook her head several times, like clay cats, spoke in a peasant dialect, laughed, covering herself with her sleeve, and earned Nastya’s complete approval ... "
Task 8. What style does this text belong to? Prove your point.
Autumn this year is excellent and warm. There are frequent light rains. There are an abyss of mushrooms in the forest. You know, I’m a big hunter of mushroom hodgepodge, so I’m not lazy about going into the forest. I’ll pick up a basket full of selected, clean, large ones, but I don’t take any small things at all. And then all this in a frying pan, with onions and sour cream. Real jam!
Come to us, my friend, for a “mushroom hunt.”
(From a letter)
Option 2.
Morphological norms .
Exercise 1. Correct the sentences, explain errors in the use of the case form of nouns.
1. The role of Neschastlivtsev in Ostrovsky’s “The Forest” was played by a young talented actor.
2. Modern science has creatively mastered much of what Darwin created.
3. Buy me a pair of stockings and two pairs of socks.
4. From time to time, astronomers manage to clearly observe Mars.
5. The apple orchard occupies over one hundred hectares.
6. A large tomato harvest has been harvested.
7. Divide it all into several equal shares.
8. We were in the largest workshop of the plant.
9. Documents must be submitted by the first of August.
10. Multiply the numerator of the first fraction by the denominator of the second.
Task 2. Form short forms of adjectives.
Impeccable, close, senseless, naked, long, kind, ancient, sincere, courageous, sharp, full, related, strong, mysterious, warm, solemn, cunning, hoarse, frail, smart, sensitive, bright.
Task 3. Find errors in the use of numerals. Correct the sentences.
1. Air humidity is seventy-six and a half percent.
2. Cars were parked at both gates.
3. There is one and a half academic months left before the start of exams.
4. A nine-meter, hundred-year-old oak towered in the center of the clearing.
5. Two hundred and forty-three boys and girls took part in the competition.
Task 4. Find errors in the use of pronouns. Correct the sentences.
1. When the holidays came, the students went to their relatives; they were waiting for them with great impatience, hoping to have a good rest.
2. The patient asked his sister to pour himself some water.
3. The artist’s first performance brought her great success, and much could be expected from her.
4. The guide gave explanations to his listeners and asked them to write them down so that they could be printed later.
Syntactic norms.
Task 5. Find errors in nominal and verb control. Correct them.
1. Is it conceivable for parents to be indifferent to the fate of their children?
2. Opinion can vary greatly.
3. Those who signed up for the New Year's Eve party are kindly requested to hand over the money before December 29th.
4. Only here and only today can winnings from a win-win lottery reach up to a thousand rubles. 5. Mike Tyson always craved fame and strived for victory.
6. Boycotting drugs should become the norm in Russia.
7. I have always been impressed by those politicians who honestly kept their promises to voters.
8. I would be interested to know your opinion on this problem.
9. Nobody likes this student because he always curries favor with the teacher.
10. The literature does not contain direct indications of which values are subject to comparison.
Punctuation norms.
Task 6.Place punctuation marks.
Treasures of folk wisdom.
The greatest wealth of a people is its language! For thousands of years, countless treasures of human thought and experience accumulate and live forever in the word. And perhaps in none of the forms of linguistic creativity of a people does their mind manifest itself with such strength and in such a multifaceted way, is its national history, social system, way of life, worldview reflected so crystalline as in proverbs.
The apt and figurative Russian language is especially rich in proverbs. There are thousands, tens of thousands of them! How they fly on wings from century to century, from one generation to another, and the boundless distance into which this winged wisdom directs its flight is not visible...
The eras that gave rise to proverbs are different. The diversity of human relationships is immeasurable and is imprinted in well-known folk sayings and aphorisms. From the abyss of time, in these clots of reason and knowledge of life, the joy and suffering of people, human laughter and tears, love and anger, faith and unbelief, truth and lies, honesty and deceit, hard work and laziness, the beauty of truths and the ugliness of prejudices have come to us...
The publication of Russian proverbs collected over several decades of the last century by a dialectologist and writer will serve the great and noble cause of studying the inexhaustible riches of our national culture, our great and powerful language.
(M. Sholokhov).
Functional speech styles.
Task 7. Determine the type of speech of each text.
1) The glare of the setting sun lay on everything, wherever you looked. The tree trunks seemed to be blazing with fire, the foliage blinded the eyes. It gradually became cooler. The long dark night was approaching. My new acquaintance is a very attractive young man. He's probably eighteen years old. He plays tennis, dances well and tells great jokes. A very versatile personality, an intellectual. In general, the guy is what we need.
Topic 5.4. Use of forms of verbs, participles, gerunds
Topic 5.3. Use of pronoun forms
The student must:
know:
be able to:
1. A pronoun usually replaces its closest antecedent noun. Violation of this rule leads to a distortion of meaning.
2. A collective noun (youth, peasantry, etc.) cannot be replaced by plural pronouns. Youth is she (not them).
3. Forms for her, from her, are colloquial in nature. Normalized use: for her, from her.
4. Pronouns theirs In russian language No.
5. The pronouns own, themselves indicate the persons who perform the actions.
Assignments on the topic
Correct the mistakes.
The boy is now an orphan; his father died when he was three years old.
Behind him was a cart loaded with things.
The group passed all the tests and asked to be examined first.
The patient asked his sister to pour water.
Their child.
She wrote in a letter to her daughter that she should have come.
Turgenev leads the hero to a gradual realization of his mistakes.
The people decided to fight the enemies, they organized a partisan movement.
The student must:
know:
Morphological, grammatical norms;
be able to:
Use grammatical forms of words in accordance with the rules.
1. In literary language, 1-liter forms are not used. units of the present or future simple tense from the verbs to win, to convince, to find oneself, to wonder, to feel. It’s correct to say: I can win, I can convince.
2. In modern language no forms: lays down, rides. There is: puts, puts, goes.
3. Some verbs in –sya have a double meaning – passive and reflexive, which creates ambiguity of meaning. Graduates are sent to the village (by themselves or are they sent?)
5. The participial phrase must not include a qualified noun. Edited manuscript by editor. Correct: edited editor of the manuscript or manuscript, edited by the editor.
6. The participial phrase usually adjoins the defined noun.
Incorrect: A mountain range stretches from east to west, consisting of many ridges. Correct: A mountain range consisting of many ridges stretches from east to west.
7. We must not allow discrepancies in the use of types of gerunds. For example: Reading article and noting the necessary material, I made extracts. Right: Reading article and noting the necessary material, I made extracts. Or: After reading article and noting the right material.
Assignments on the topic
Correct the mistakes
1. Do not damage the furniture by placing a hot kettle on the table.
2. Where did you hear about this?
3. I will find myself in difficulty.
4. Don't wave your arms.
5. He puts things on the table.
6. Before a lecture, students often linger in the classroom.
7. The store closes at six o'clock.
8. The grandson often dresses up as his grandmother.
9. The harvested crop is sent to different parts by rail, air and water.
Section 6. Syntax
Topic 6.1. Basic units of syntax: phrase and sentence.
And pronouns
LITERATURE:
3. Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language: Textbook for universities. - M.: Higher School, 1987. P.179-220
4. Rosenthal D.E. Russian language. M.: Moscow University Publishing House, 1994. pp. 328-329, 333-335.
5. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. R.I. Avanesova. M., 1997.
HOMEWORK
1. Form aspect pairs of the following verbs: touch, master, challenge, assimilate, calm, build up, double, condition, summarize, legitimize, authorize, honor.
2. Form the 3rd person singular form of the present tense from verbs: rinse, splash, wave, sway, click, cluck, purr, meow, sprinkle, pinch.
3. Correct the sentence, explain errors in the use of pronouns.
The boy is now an orphan; his father died when he was three years old.
Behind him was a cart loaded with things.
The group passed all the tests and asked to re-examine them first.
The hostess took the suitcase off the table and pushed it aside.
When the holidays arrived, the students went to see their families, they were looking forward to them, hoping to have a good rest.
The patient asked his sister to pour himself some water.
AUDITOR WORK
1. Open the brackets, change the infinitive to the appropriate verb form; indicate possible synonymous options and give their stylistic assessment.
1. The boats do not stand still, they (sway) on the water. 2. The wind is blowing, rain (splash) in the face. 3. The meeting elects a commission and (authorizes) it to draw up a draft resolution. 4. For several days the wolf (to scour) the forest, looking for prey. 5. On the same day at dawn, an enemy detachment (to invade) the area where our troops are located. 6. The jury is already finishing its work and is currently (summarizing) the results of the competition. 7. As soon as you receive the money transfer, (notify) me about it. 8. The specialists said that I (to recover) soon.
2. Indicate shortcomings and speech errors that arose as a result of incorrect use of pronouns. Edit the sentences.
1. This museum exhibited stuffed dinosaurs, which all died from the bombing. 2. This hero, beloved by the audience, did not leave the stage on television screens for 14 evenings, and then eighteen film series were filmed based on them. 3. We will hold such meetings more often: they arouse young people’s interest in their profession and develop their love for the theater. 4. A person caught under high voltage can be released only with the help of special means designed for him. 5. If anyone tells me anything against Belov, I will punch him in the face. 6. Head of the shoe section, come to your place urgently! 7. If, after three days of keeping these dogs in a special place, the owners do not come for them, the latter are subject to destruction.
3. Correct the sentences, indicate the nature of the errors in the use of verb forms.
1. The troops concentrated to deliver a decisive blow to the enemy. 2. Light frost pleasantly stings your face and hands. 3. If you are disgusted by meat dishes, the doctor will put you on a diet. 4. Do not damage the furniture by placing a hot kettle on the table. 5. Where did you hear about this? 6. On the advice of a doctor, the patient gargles with a solution of baking soda. 7. If this continues, I will find myself in a difficult situation.
Practical lesson No. 11
Correct use of numerals and prepositions
LITERATURE:
1. Modern Russian language: Textbook / Ed. V.A. Beloshapkova. M., 1981. S. 281-289, 301-308.
2. Russian grammar. M.: Nauka, 1980. T.1. pp. 483-530, 531-539.
3. Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language: Textbook for universities. - M.: Higher School, 1987. P. 168-179.
4. Rosenthal D.E. Russian language. M.: Moscow University Publishing House, 1994. P. 151, 154, 330-335.
HOMEWORK
1. Put the phrases into the dative, instrumental, and prepositional cases.
573 meters, 74 exhibits, 15 copies, 48 meters, 61 minutes.
2. Form complex adjectives from these phrases and write them down: 28 days, 473 grams, 8 minutes, 2 hours, 1.5 kilometers, ¼ finals, 3 liters.
3. Rewrite the sentences, putting the words in brackets in the correct case.
Act according to (order). After (graduation) of the university I will go to (destination). She always misses (you). Due to the lack of food, shortening the route was now especially important. Dimka decided that as an exception this time Zhigan was not lying. It was difficult to understand what convenience the carpenter had in mind when he bent the backs of the chairs so mercilessly. Leaning against the trunk of a pine tree, not sparing the shag, Terkin was talking about the war (on) the war. (During) the entire road, Kasyan maintained stubborn silence. (In) the continuation of the night before the fight, I did not sleep for a minute.
AUDITOR WORK
1. Write down the numerals in words.
Have 3894 books..., add 208 to 573, subtract 47 from 785, a ship with 2655 passengers..., do the work by 2005..., remember 1913...
2. Form ordinal numbers from the following cardinal numbers:
1, 2, 11, 40, 73, 90, 100, 341, 400, 648, 3 thousand, 200 million, 120 billion.
3. Open the brackets and write the numbers in words.
The institute's library is replenished monthly (300-400 books). Together with the new ones (1203 words), the German language textbook will contain over (4.5 thousand) words. The difference between (87 and 58) is (29). The second Soviet artificial Earth satellite was in space (163 days). A small ancient city with (4675 inhabitants), beautifully located on (both) sides of a picturesque river, attracts many tourists. It was possible to get by (one and a half thousand rubles).
Practical lesson No. 12
Syntactic stylistics. Variation in the form of agreement.
Variants of grammatical connection between subject and predicate
LITERATURE:
1. Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language: Textbook for universities. - M.: Higher School, 1987. P.244-271.
2. Golub I.B. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook. - M.: “Logos”, 2001. P.315-320.
3. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B. Secrets of style. M., 1998. pp. 143-146.
HOMEWORK
1. Insert the required letters; Motivate the choice of the form of the predicate. Please indicate possible options.
1. Now there were... four people against Valerka. 2. There were only three of us left out of eighteen guys. 3. There were... three people walking along the road. 4. Of the twenty who graduated from school, only four entered... university. 5. Now six of them were sitting... behind the trees, holding guns. 6. There are three of us officers here. The two are sleeping peacefully. 7. For unexcusable reasons, four were absent. 8. Five passed... the exam ahead of schedule.
2. Complete the missing letters at the endings. Highlight the main parts of the sentence. Explain the use of the singular or plural form of the predicate.
1. Spent… a thousand rubles in a month. 2. A million rubles were allocated for the construction of preschool institutions. 3. How many noble tasks a teacher faces! 4. The last two students successfully passed... the exams. 5. After the revolution, most foreign specialists left for their countries. 6. 45 minutes passed... unnoticed. 8. Several housewives who went out to buy bread or milk were also crowded into the crowd. 9. In July 1918, about half a million munitions factory workers went on strike in England. 10. Several more days passed unnoticed in worries. 11. It was even somehow awkward that so many people came... to meet us. 12. Several graduates of our school work at a watch factory.
3. Choose the correct one from the forms of the predicate (verb or participles) given in brackets. Motivate your choice. Indicate possible options and give their normative and stylistic characteristics.
1. By universal suffrage (was elected - were elected) 85 people. 2. The majority, especially teachers, (wanted - thirsted) for decisive action and (ready - were ready) to take risks. 3. The subject of discussion itself is socio-economic and political problems, issues of culture and art; events of international and intra-Union life, etc. - it would seem that they do not (tolerate - tolerate) any stylistic liberties, do not (allow - allow) any deviations from the norm. 4. Those who (will come – will come) with the most interesting proposals (will – will be able to) take part in the creation of the company’s council, in the consideration and selection of received projects. 5. Many brave men once (tried - tried) to get here. 6. Three years after graduation (worked - worked) engineer Petrova at the plant. 7. The designer (introduced - introduced) an innovation proposal, the implementation of which would reduce the cost of manufactured parts. This is already her third proposal.
AUDITOR WORK
1. Indicate whether the predicate is correctly coordinated with the subject.
1. The operation was performed by a young surgeon, Boytsova, who recently defended her Ph.D. thesis. 2. The intelligentsia, and especially its best part - exemplary writers, have always been considered the guardians of the purity of the literary language. 3. The highway crossed the railroad bed. 4. The exhibition train arrived at the station yesterday and opened to visitors. 5. A group of workers led by foreman Ilyin and Komsomol organizer Stepanov completed the installation of a complex machine ahead of schedule. 6. A young woman was sitting in the waiting room. It was the director's secretary. 7. The communists of Western Europe made every effort to ensure that the awareness campaign, as well as the campaign for collecting signatures and other forms of struggle, led to real success and formed the basis of a powerful movement in defense of peace. 8. His cowardice, or rather his cowardice, amazed everyone. 9. The press, in particular mass circulation and wall newspapers, systematically expand information materials.
2. Is the predicate and subject coordinated correctly? Please indicate possible options.
1. I remember with gratitude those who were my friends during difficult times for me. 2. No one, not even the most trained athletes participating in the competition, could surpass the record set by the young swimmer. 3. Which of the girls turned out to be the biggest naughty girl? 4. The patient vaguely saw someone in white, probably a nurse, approach his bed. 5. What will those who have shown themselves to be careless bullies say in relation to the plunderers of socialist property? 6. The first who came to the polling station to vote were my neighbors, pensioners. 7. None other than parents are primarily responsible for raising children. 8. Which of your friends wrote to you about this? 9. You are the ones who are called to renew the world.
3. Open the brackets, choose the form of agreement between the predicate and the subject; motivate your choice; indicate possible options.
1. Installation of new and reconstruction of existing equipment is sometimes (underway – underway) without appropriate preparation of the remaining parts of production. 2. Plants equally (need – need) both moisture and heat. 3. Some unprecedented softness of words and treatment (amazed - amazed) her old acquaintances. 4. In Budapest (held - took place) the congress of the Administrative Council and the congress of the technical commission of the International Broadcasting Organization. 5. The fame and popularity of a talented writer are still (growing and growing). 6. Every rustle, every creak, every sound (was heard - beat was heard) in tense silence. 7. On sale (available - available) in a large selection of ready-made dresses, shoes, knitwear. 8. The deepening and development of contradictions between capitalist countries have repeatedly (caused - caused) military conflicts. 9. At the end of 1941 (began - began) the defeat of the fascist hordes and the collapse of their plans to capture Moscow. 10. Will your son and daughter (help - help) carry your things to the station? 12. Every new victory of the human mind, every new concept that arose in collective work (was consolidated - consolidated) in the language.
Practical lesson No. 13
Options for reconciling definitions and applications
With defined words
LITERATURE:
1. Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language: Textbook for universities. - M.: Higher School, 1987. P.272-288.
2. Golub I.B. Russian language and speech culture: Textbook. - M.: “Logos”, 2001. P. 320-322.
HOMEWORK
1. Choose definitions for the following complex words, explain what determines your choice.
Automatic machine, raincoat tent, Tsar Cannon, gazebo pavilion, automatic snack bar, would-be disciple, hero fortress, cream soda, creme brulee, rocking chair, sofa bed, Doberman pinscher, barn pantry, porridge concentrate, library car, launch vehicle, block diagram, boy-woman, weeping grass.
2. Put the words given in brackets in the correct form. Motivate the choice of form.
1. I had to live for some time in the capital (Republic of Mali) city (Bamako). 2. Evergreen trees grow on the island (Crete). 3. A large dam is located in the city (Markala) on the river (Niger). 4. A strong earthquake was reported in the state (Nevada). 5. Belarusian biologists worked for two months in the jungle of the island (Ceylon). 6. To the south of Lake (Victoria), which is located in the Republic (Kenya), livestock are often susceptible to sleeping sickness caused by the tsetse fly. 7. New health resorts will be built in the resort cities of our country (Yalta, Alupka, Alushta, etc.).
3. Choose the correct option for agreeing the definition when nouns are homogeneous members. Motivate your choice:
student performance and discipline - student performance and discipline, summer heat and heat - summer heat and heat, write an interesting novel or script - write an interesting novel or script, young radishes and onions - young radishes and onions.
world-famous microbiologist Sergeeva - world-famous microbiologist Sergeeva; Nikolaev engineer who spoke at the meeting - Nikolaev engineer who spoke at the meeting; dear comrade Titova - dear comrade Titova; interesting newspaper "Arguments and Facts" - interesting "Arguments and Facts".
5. Explain from a normative-stylistic point of view the use of the following constructions:
AUDITOR WORK
1. Add endings. Explain what rules govern the agreement of definitions with nouns that have an appendix.
1. Our student club has already decorated a large... showcase-stand, clearly showing... the life of students of our faculty. 2. Rachmaninsk... the concert-symphony made... a great impression on me. 3. On the roads of Transcarpathia we often met cars, each of which had a comfortable ... cottage-van. 4. In Samarkand we were shown a high... tower-minaret, built... back in the 15th century. 5. In the builders’ village there was... a permanent... new... nursery garden. 6. The state... museum-estate in Yasnaya Polyana is reopened... for visitors. 7. This year our... site... children's... doctor I.P. Fadeeva was... awarded... a medal. 8. At the academic council of the faculty, a speaker was... associate professor of our department Shilova, known... for her work in the field of phonetics. 9. We respect... comrade. Vasilyeva! We ask you to hand over your books to the library. 10. And now the floor is given to you, dear... comrade... Titova. 11. One (one) of the inhabitants of the shelter, Nastya, strives with all her soul to meet a person who would love her. 12. It [lake - N.F.] is one of the main fish-breeding bases of Heilujiang province.
2. Put the names in brackets into the correct forms.
1. A famous artist performed on tour in the summer garden (Hermitage). 2. For two years my brother lived in the city (Kirovsk). 3. We vacationed in the summer on the river (Oka), a tributary of the river (Volga). 4. The water in the lake (Naroch) is clean and cold. 5. The plane was approaching one of the largest islands (New Zealand). 6. We stayed at a hotel (Minsk). 7. Our correspondent met with the governor of the state (Michigan) in the USA. 8. Factory workers (“October Revolution”) nominated their candidates for the City Council. 9. A selection of the poet’s poems will be given in the next issue of the magazine (“New World”). 10. The bus arrived at the city bus station (Tula). 11. A pedestrian was hit on the roadway (Petrovka). 12. There are a lot of empty cars accumulated at the station (Voronezh). 13. A new fishing farm has been established on Lake Ladoga. 14. Andrei Voznesensky likes to relax on the lake (Svir).
3. Choose definitions for these common nouns; make up sentences with them in such a way as to show what is special about coordination in such constructions:
orphan, sleepyhead, slob, baby, scoundrel, drunkard, unfortunate, rogue.
Practical lesson No. 14
Stylistics of syntax. Variation in the form of control
LITERATURE:
1. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook - M.: “Logos”, 2001. P. 322-326.
2. Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of modern Russian literary language. M.: Education, 1989. pp. 160-187.
3. Panfilov A.K. Collection of exercises on the stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1989.
4. Dictionary of combinability of words in the Russian language. M.: Russian language, 1987.
5. Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language: Textbook for universities. M.: Higher School, 1987. pp. 288-320.
HOMEWORK
1. Point out the stylistic coloring of the following phrases:
Father's house - fathers' house - father's house; Dahl's dictionary – Dalev's dictionary; military service - military service; Pushkin's poem - Pushkin's poem; coolness from the river - river coolness; engineer from Khabarovsk - Khabarovsk engineer; door handle - door handle; red face – a red face; ticket without a reserved seat - a ticket without a reserved seat; postal worker - postal worker; book for children - children's book.
2. Describe the semantic and stylistic differences between the options:
Walk on water - follow water; stargazing - observation of the experimental group; in a car accident – in a car accident; to work as a teacher - to work in the field of education; to be the center - to be the focus; chemical laboratory - creative laboratory; Western front – work front.
AUDITOR WORK
1. Form acceptable combinations with the words given in brackets.
Provide(support, service, assistance, influence, impression, meeting, trust); win(top, success, victory, milestone, prestige, high score); conduct ( competition, meeting, control, organization, meeting, conference, lesson ); manifest(conscious attitude, desire, skill, will, character, indifference, pattern of behavior, initiative, initiative).
2. Put the words in brackets in the correct form (use prepositions if necessary): according to (order), control (execution of order), did not receive (permission), review (course work), head (department), pay (travel), wait (train), give (pencil), drink (water), lean ( experimental results).
3 . Point out shortcomings in the construction of phrases and sentences.
Pay attention to labor productivity. Pay attention to... Explain the dangers of alcohol. Nobody will prohibit this. We haven't reached that level. A question that concerns the role. I have already discussed this issue more than once. To be offended by the fact that... I pay attention to this. Below I will dwell on the fact that... The speech emphasizes that...
4. Place the word in brackets in the correct form in phrases with each of the given words.
Address – intend – count (reader)
Faith - confidence (victory)
Influence – affect – reflect – leave an imprint (views)
Listen - listen - listen (melody)
Inspire confidence - inspire confidence (patient)
Be proud - proud - pride (achievements)
Make a difference - distinguish - distinguish (me and him)
Complain – appeal (sentence)
To reward – to honor (a prize)
Put on – put on (coat, child)
Dissatisfied - disappointed (review)
Need - lack (money)
Pay attention - pay attention - hold
attention - to attract attention (picture).
Practical lesson No. 15
Before correcting mistakes in the first part of the exercise, you need to remember what the pronoun means.
If we talk about the second part of the exercise, it is aimed at using the desired form of the verb. You need to know that some forms of verbs are not used at all.
Pronoun. Mistakes in its use
Since a pronoun denotes an object without naming it, some confusion may arise with the use of this part of speech. The fact is that if there are too many pronouns in speech (oral or written), then it will be difficult to understand which particular subject they refer to.
For example:
Masha gave the book to her younger sister, and she (sister) invited her (Masha) to read it (the book) together.
As you can see, there are even three pronouns here. It is very difficult to understand what exactly they mean.
There is one rule you need to know: a pronoun refers to the last noun that comes before it.
Correcting errors
We will correct the error in each sentence, explaining why the original version is not correct.
- The boy is now an orphan; father died when to him was three years old. (“He”, according to the rules for using pronouns, must refer to the last noun. It turns out that the father was 3 years old. To avoid such a mistake, you can rewrite the sentence: the boy is now an orphan; when he was three years old his father died).
- Behind his There was a cart loaded with things. (This pronoun is inappropriate here, you need to use “him” (according to the rules for changing pronouns): behind him was a cart loaded with things).
- The patient asked his sister to pour to myself water. (“Myself” refers to the last noun - sister, although the meaning is that the sick person needs to pour water; we change: the patient asked his sister to pour him some water).
- The hostess took the suitcase off the table and pushed it aside. ("His" refers to the last word - suitcase, which does not fit the meaning. Most likely, the suitcase was simply removed from the table, but the table was already moved to the side).
Let's move on to errors in the use of verbs:
- Not wave so hard with your hands. (This form of the verb is a gross error, since it does not exist; correctly - don't wave).
- On the advice of the doctor, the patient rinses throat with a solution of baking soda. (Incorrect verb form, correct rinses).
- We need to help young people grow and manifest your abilities. (We need to help (what to do?) grow and manifest).